遏製中國霧霾新方法:每天向城市大氣噴水半小時,就如給花園噴水
(小標題:“大氣噴水地球工程方法清除汙染來解決中國城市的霧霾”
浙江省“千人計劃”入選者,中國浙江大學和美國北卡州立大學客座正教授俞紹才博士最近在國際著名科學雜誌《Environmental Chemistry Letters》上發表了題為“Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution formitigating haze in China’s cities”(“噴水地球工程方法清除空氣汙染來解決中國城市的霧霾”)的論文(見Shaocai Yu, Water spray geoengineering to clean airpollution for mitigating haze in China’s cities, Environ Chem Lett, DOI10.1007/s10311-013-04440, 2013, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-013-0444-0/fulltext.html;http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-013-0444-0),在國際上首次提出了可用水來遏製中國的霧霾和大氣汙染的地球工程方法。科學技術領域中世界最大出版者Springer特為該論文發表新聞稿 (press release) (見, http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1450943-0)。世界媒體廣泛報道該論文的方法和結果 (見後麵, 如 sciencedaily, sciencecodex, natureworldnews,pbs, IBtimes (國際財經日報), phys.org, 中國日報(usa.chinadaily), 香港先驅報(Kongkongherald), 南華早報 (southChina Morning Post),中國氣象局(http://library.cma.gov.cn/index/xxsd/201401/t20140110_55337.htm),中國科學院(http://www.rcees.ac.cn/xwzx/kydt/201401/P020140130353246573739.pdf), 生物探索等)。俞紹才教授在該文中提出用向大氣中噴水就像用水澆草地(花園和農場)一樣來清除大氣中PM2.5及大氣汙染物。該方法的原理及其機理具體見論文。該方法最基本原理是“大氣降水過程是大氣汙染的最有效的清除過程”。這已是眾所皆知的事實。該論文也指出大氣噴水清汙的地球工程方法一樣可大規模應用於美國和其他的世界大城市來解決他們的大氣汙染和灰霾問題。該論文提出的大氣噴水地球工程方法具體簡介如下:
Figure 1.Conceptual pictures of the geoengineering scheme by spraying water into the atmosphere like watering gardens to scavenge air pollution at the top of high buildings and towers (like (a) CCTV building and (b) Shanghai DongfangTower) and square (like (c)Tiananmensquare). The background is haze pollution in Beijing in January of 2013 based on the pictures from (http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/01/chinas-toxic-sky/100449/). An example for spraying water into the atmosphere at the top of U.S. Embassy Beijing building to scavenge airpollution is shown in (d).
Figure 1A. 所噴出水在地麵上如何重新收集起來做再次噴水使用的概念圖,包括存2000-3000公斤水的水容器, 收集水的傘及自動噴水係統。背景是天安門廣場2013年一月的灰霾汙染。除了杆之外,整個係統是可移動的。因為空氣汙染在大氣中是流動的, 整個天安門廣場估計隻需要幾個這樣的噴水清洗汙染物係統就可以了(需要更多的測試).
Figure 1B. 在建築物的屋頂上安裝噴水裝置向建築物外大氣噴水的概念圖.就如你給自家花園澆水一樣。沒有必要安裝巨型噴水裝置. 一個建築物需要安裝8噴水裝置.
(1)對城市建築群,在各個建築物(及高塔)(如中央電視台主樓頂及上海東方明珠塔)的屋頂上安裝噴水裝置向建築物外大氣噴水,就如你給自家花園澆水一樣 (參見圖1)。。噴出的水自然會把周圍大氣中汙染物清洗幹淨,時間可長可短,視當時汙染情況及氣象條件而定。
(2)對於空曠的地方如廣場和公園等(如天安門廣場),可建水塔或其他方法將水引向高處(最好100-200米高度以上,因為大部分空氣汙染都位於該高度以下),然後向周圍的大氣噴水來清除大氣中的汙染物。所噴出水可在地麵上重新收集起來做再次噴水使用。通過這種方式,大氣噴水地球工程方法並不需要太多的水資源 (參見圖1A)。
(3) 以上(1) 和(2)也適用於工業區大氣汙染物的清除。
該大氣噴水地球工程方法的優點包括:
(1)向大氣中噴水來清除大氣汙染物的過程是像下雨一樣的自然過程,因此是可行的。
(2) 隻要向大氣中噴澆足夠的水量,可在短時間迅速清除大氣中的汙染物。根據我的研究,在合理的噴水下(合理水滴大小和噴水強度下), 大氣噴水地球工程方法可在很短的時間內(從幾分鍾到幾小時)非常有效減少PM2.5的濃度到35 每立方米微克 (國家環境空氣質量標準) (參見圖2,3)。.
(3)該方法有很好的技術可行性,因為所需要的物質及技術條件都已經存在,如高層建築物,塔,水及自動噴水係統。
(4)低成本,向大氣中噴水係統不需要太高的技術,同時所需要的水可取自江、河、湖,無需達到飲用水標準。所噴出水可在地麵上重新收集起來做再次噴水使用。如果你可以花半小時澆灌你的花園,你也可以花30分鍾清洗你周圍的大氣,得到清潔的空氣。相信費用要比直接消除汙染排放低多了。
(5)該方法清除大氣汙染物的效率高。大自然已經無數次證明了下雨是大氣汙染物最有效的清除方法。當然不同的噴水方法會影響清除大氣汙染物的效率。噴出的水強度及水滴大小直接決定了噴水的清汙效率。同時還需要用大氣汙染模型預報大氣汙染分布,以便決定在何時何地何高度噴水。還需要隨時觀測濃度,以決定何時停止噴水。這樣才能增加效率,減少成本。當然在灰霾很嚴重時,可用人工方式產生下雨 (人工降雨),以便清除更多的大氣汙染。總之,你可以使用一切方法向大氣噴水 (如可向大氣打水炮)。
(6)其他好處還包括該噴水地球工程方法也可同時清除大氣中其他汙染物如二氧化硫和氮氧化物,可減少光化學煙霧汙染(臭氧,O3)發生和二次汙染物形成的可能性。從屋頂上噴下的水也可清洗街道。
該大氣噴水地球工程方法可能的問題包括:
(1)如果向大氣中噴太多水,會產生水災,這一般不可能發生。
(2)如果向大氣中噴出的水滴太小,水滴在到達地麵時就已經完全蒸發了,如果是這樣,就會增加大氣中的濕度而沒達到清汙的目的。如果大氣中的濕度增加,就可能會增加PM2.5的濃度,從而增加霧霾的嚴重性。這應該是這個方法最需要注意和避免的事情。
(3)在天氣寒冷的時候 (如冬季),噴出的水可能在道路上形成冰,使路麵打滑. 這個是需要注意和避免的事情。
綜合以上所述,隻要通過對城市的各個區域仔細的考慮和預先評估,本工作提出向大氣中噴水清汙的地球工程球方法一定是可行的,對環境是安全的及無顯著副作用。很容易在社區大規模應用和實踐這個方法。當然還有其他方法可以解決中國大氣汙染灰霾問題如北京奧運會期間一樣關閉汙染工廠和停止開車,或像美國一樣把汙染企業工廠都搬到其他國家去。另一方麵人工產生大風可以增加PM2.5的幹沉降來清除大氣中的汙染物 (但是, 清除大氣汙染物, 濕沉降比幹沉降更有效的多)。但目前來看,這些方法在中國是行不通的。另一方麵美國的達拉斯 (Dallas), 洛杉磯(Los Angeles), 猶他州鹽湖城 (Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Valley) 等大城市的大氣汙染和灰霾一樣很嚴重,本工作提出向大氣中噴水清汙的地球工程方法一樣可大規模應用於這些美國和其他的世界大城市來解決他們的大氣汙染和灰霾問題。在我的論文發表後, 我今天剛讀一篇1957發表在<
當然關於這個向大氣噴水清汙的地球工程方法還需要進一步研究和完善。以便更有效的應用。最主要的是自動噴水係統需要特別設計以便噴出所需要的水滴的大小和強度。同時還需要各城市的時時大氣汙染預報係統來確定何時何地何高度噴水以達到最大清洗效率及最低成本。目前為成功地應用和實踐該大氣噴水地球工程方法, 相關研究正在進行。
最後想說明的是,因為大氣汙染每天都會由每個人的活動(如鍋爐燃煤, 烹飪、汽車尾氣等)、工業排放和天然源排放產生,所以每天都要向大氣中噴水以清除大氣汙染,防止大氣汙染的積累,這也需要全民一起行動起來,人人有責,“既然同呼吸,就要共奮鬥,大家都盡一把力”(2013國務院常務會議環保部部長周生賢說),每天給你周圍的大氣洗個臉吧。當然消除汙染排放也是需要的。隻有這樣才能真正清除和控製大氣汙染。特別是人口密集地區和重點大城市。希望各位行動起來,在你所在的居住地樓頂上向周圍的大氣中噴水,就像給你家的草地澆水一樣,你就能清洗你周圍的大氣,得到清潔的空氣。如果每個人每個樓都行動,每個樓附近的大氣就是清潔的空氣了,相信整個城市的大氣就是幹淨的。因為人們都是在建築物頂以下活動,所以隻要保證建築物頂以下 (100-200米以下) 空氣是幹淨就可以了。我想沒有大氣汙染的中國城市建築群和藍天白雲 將是一個多麽美好的世界。
這裏,我還想強調的是直接消除汙染排放(直接減排)也是治標不治本的。這是因為如果直接減排機器壞了,汙染排放立即恢複。而且直接減排機器還需要每天運轉。唯一消除汙染的治本方法是把汙染企業工廠都搬到其他國家去或關閉汙染工廠。
為引起廣大網友,科學家和國家有關部門對這大氣噴水地球工程方法的高度重視及盡快大規模應用和實踐這個方法。特將我的簡曆附如下(我在大氣汙染、霧霾、酸雨、大氣降水與氣候變化有著30年的研究經驗 (10年在中國,20年在美國)):
俞紹才 (Shaocai Yu) 教授、博士簡曆
1985年畢業於北京大學,獲應用化學學士學位;1988年畢業於北京大學,獲大氣化學碩士學位; 1999年畢業於美國北卡羅萊納州立大學,獲大氣科學博士學位;1999年到2001年在美國杜克大學作博士後。1985年到1988年任北京大學研究助理; 1988年到1994年任廈門環保局環保工程師; 1994年到1999年任北卡羅萊納州立大學研究助理; 1999年到2001 年任杜克大學副研究員; 2001年到2004年任美國國家環保署(U.S.EPA)/ UCAR訪問科學家;2004年到2009年任U.S. EPA/STC 高級科學家;2009年至2013 任美國國家環保署國家環境暴露研究實驗室(NERL)大氣模擬部物理科學家 (聯邦政府)、是大氣模擬部研究和開發模擬氣溶膠-雲-氣候相互作用方法的首席研究員(Lead investigator);2012年至今任美國北卡羅萊納州立大學客座正教授; 2010年至今任中國科學院城市環境研究所客座教授。英國皇家氣象學會院士 (fellow)。浙江省“千人計劃”入選者。獲美國國家環保署2011年銀質獎章 (美國國家環保署的最高級別獎項),獲美國國家環保署2011年科學與技術成就二等獎, 獲美國國家環保署2011年科學與技術成就榮譽獎獎, 獲美國國家環保署2009,2010, 2011, 2012年特別成就嘉許獎。在Nature,New England of Medicine, J. Geophys. Res, Geophys. Res. Lett,Environ. Sci. &Tech., Atmos. Environ. ,Atmos.Chem. Phys.,環境科學學報,環境科學等國內外學術刊物及會議文集上發表論文共160餘篇。作為通訊作者,在 Nature 上發表 “Massive volcanic SO2oxidation and sulphate aerosol deposition in Cenozoic North America”(Nature, 465, 909-912,2010)。2010年 “區域環境係統交互作用” 國際學術研討會召集人之一及分組主席。2003年法國EGS-AGU-EUG 聯合大會VOC和二次有機碳小組召集人之一及分組主席 ;2001 年美國地球物理學會(AGU)年會氣溶膠-雲分組主席。北京大學北卡校友會會長。擔任國際學術刊物<< Atmospheric and ClimateSciences >>主編, <<CurrentAdvances in Environmental Science>>主編, <<Environmental Chemistry Letters>> 副主編,《Inter.J. of Applied Math. and Comput.》、《Inter. J. of Atmos. Sci.》、《ISRN Atmos. Sci.》、《DISASTER ADVANCES》和《European Geophysical Society on-line News letter》編委。《J. Geophys. Res.》、《Atmos.Environ.》、《Atmos. Res.》《J。Atmos. Chem. 》《Atmos.Chem. Phys》等國際期刊審稿人。
聲明:
本文目的是希望為盡快解決中國嚴重的霧霾(PM2.5)和大氣汙染問題出力。文中各種觀點不代表任何組織,僅是個人博克的觀點。
如果您有問題及需要該論文請與我聯係:
如果有關組織、基金、部門願意資助支持我做大規模實驗及進一步研究和完善該大氣噴水地球工程方法的, 請與我聯係.
世界媒體廣泛報道該論文的方法和結果如下 (by Feb. 4, 2014) :
1. http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1450943-0
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27. http://usa-news.us/news/scientist-proposes-skyscraper-sprinklers-to-wash-away-beijing-smog
28. http://www.sciencecodex.com/to_curb_chinas_haze_and_air_pollution_use_water-125641
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39. http://www.pekingpress.com/index.php/sid/219531247/scat/55582c89cb296d4c
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