布拉格之春: 槍口下的玫瑰

布拉格-兩次革命-布拉格之春
槍口下的玫瑰

欣賞指數：
	電影《布拉格之春》(The Unbearable Lightness of Being)，一九八八年美國電影，導演是菲利普?考夫曼(Philip Kaufman)，演員有Daniel Day-Lewis演Thomas，Juliette Binoche演Tereze，Lena Olin演Sabina。

「布拉格之春」運動期間，蘇聯的坦克車入城。 The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Czech: Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) is a 1984 novel by Milan Kundera, about two women, two men, a dog and their lives in the 1968 Prague Spring period of Czechoslovak history. Although written in 1982, this novel was not published until two years later, in a French translation (as L'Insoutenable légèreté de l'être). The original Czech text was published the following year. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being Premise[edit] The Unbearable Lightness of Being takes place mainly in Prague in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It explores the artistic and intellectual life of Czech society from the Prague Spring of 1968 to the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and three other Warsaw Pact countries and its aftermath. The main characters are: Tomáš, an adulterous surgeon; his wife Tereza, a photographer anguished by her husband's infidelities; Tomáš’s lover Sabina, a free-spirited artist; Franz, a Swiss university professor and lover of Sabina; and finally Šimon, Tomáš’s estranged son from an earlier marriage. Characters[edit] Tomáš: A Czech surgeon and intellectual. Tomáš is a womanizer who lives for his work. He considers sex and love to be distinct entities: he has sex with many women but loves only his wife, Tereza. He sees no contradiction between these two positions. He explains womanizing as an imperative to explore female idiosyncrasies only expressed during sex. At first he views his wife as a burden whom he is obliged to take care of. After the Russian invasion, they escape to Geneva, where he starts womanizing again. Tereza, homesick, returns to Prague with the dog. He quickly realizes he wants to be with her and follows her home. He has to deal with the consequences of a letter to the editor in which he metaphorically likened the Czech Communists to Oedipus. Eventually fed up with life in Prague under the Communist regime, he moves to the countryside with Tereza. He abandons his twin obsessions of work and womanizing and discovers true happiness with Tereza. His epitaph, written by his Catholic son, is "He Wanted the Kingdom of God on Earth". Tereza: Young wife of Tomáš. A gentle, intellectual photographer, she delves into dangerous and dissident photojournalism during the Soviet occupation of Prague. Tereza does not condemn Tomáš for his infidelities, instead characterizing herself as a weaker person. Tereza is mostly defined by her view of the body as disgusting and shameful, due to her mother's embrace of the body's grotesque functions. Throughout the book she fears simply being another body in Tomáš' array of women. Once Tomáš and Tereza move to the countryside, she devotes herself to raising cattle and reading. During this time she learns about her anima through an adoration of pet animals, reaching the conclusion that they were the last link to the paradise abandoned by Adam and Eve and becomes alienated from other people. Sabina: Tomáš' mistress and closest friend. Sabina lives her life as an extreme example of lightness, taking profound satisfaction in the act of betrayal. She declares war on kitsch and struggles against the constraints imposed by her puritan ancestry and the Communist Party. This struggle is shown through her paintings. She occasionally expresses excitement at humiliation, shown through the use of her grandfather's bowler hat, a symbol that is born during one sexual encounter with Tomáš, before it eventually changes meaning and becomes a relic of the past. Later in the novel she begins to correspond with Šimon while living under the roof of some older Americans who admire her artistic skill. Franz: Sabina's lover and a Geneva professor and idealist. Franz falls in love with Sabina, whom he considers a liberal and romantically tragic Czech dissident. He is a kind and compassionate man. As one of the novel's dreamers, he bases his actions on loyalty to the memories of his mother and of Sabina. His life revolves completely around books and academia, eventually to the extent that he seeks lightness and ecstasy by participating in marches and protests, the last of which is a march in Thailand to the border with Cambodia. In Bangkok after the march, he is mortally wounded during a mugging. Karenin: The dog of Tomáš and Tereza. Although she is a female dog, the name is masculine and is a reference to Alexei Karenin, the husband in Anna Karenina. Karenin displays extreme dislike of change. Once moved to the countryside, Karenin becomes more content as she is able to enjoy more attention from her owners. She also quickly befriends a pig named Mefisto. During this time Tomáš discovers that Karenin has cancer and even after removing a tumor it is clear that Karenin is going to die. On her deathbed she unites Tereza and Tomáš through her "smile" at their attempts to improve her health. Philosophical underpinnings[edit] Challenging Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of eternal recurrence (the idea that the universe and its events have already occurred and will recur ad infinitum), the story's thematic meditations posit the alternative: that each person has only one life to live and that which occurs in life occurs only once and never again – thus the "lightness" of being. Moreover, this lightness also signifies freedom; Tomáš and Sabina display this lightness, whereas Tereza's character is "weighed down". In the Constance Garnett translation of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" she gives us the phrase "strange lightness of being" during the description of Prince Andrey's death. In contrast, the concept of eternal recurrence imposes a "heaviness" on life and the decisions that are made – to borrow from Nietzsche's metaphor, it gives them "weight". Nietzsche believed this heaviness could be either a tremendous burden or great benefit depending on the individual's perspective.[1] The "unbearable lightness" in the title also refers to the lightness of love and sex, which are themes of the novel. Kundera portrays love as fleeting, haphazard and possibly based upon endless strings of coincidences, despite holding much significance for humans. In the novel, Nietzsche's concept is attached to an interpretation of the German adage Einmal ist keinmal ("one occurrence is not significant"), namely an "all-or-nothing" cognitive distortion that Tomáš must overcome in his hero's journey. He initially believes "If we only have one life to live, we might as well not have lived at all," and specifically (with respect to committing to Tereza) "There is no means of testing which decision is better, because there is no basis for comparison." The novel resolves this question decisively that such a commitment is in fact possible and desirable. [2] Publication[edit] The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984) was not published in the original Czech until 1985 by the exile publishing house 68 Publishers (Toronto, Canada). The second Czech edition was published in October 2006, in Brno, Czech Republic, some eighteen years after the Velvet Revolution, because Kundera did not approve it earlier. The first English translation by Michael Henry Heim was published in hardback in 1984 by Harper & Row in the US and Faber and Faber in the UK and in paperback in 1985.[3] Film[edit] Main article: The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film) In 1988, an American-made film adaptation of the novel was released starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Lena Olin and Juliette Binoche. In a note to the Czech edition of the book, Kundera remarks that the movie had very little to do with the spirit either of the novel or the characters in it.[4] In the same note Kundera goes on to say that after this experience he no longer allows any adaptations of his work. Milan Kundera Born (1929-04-01) 1 April 1929 (age 87) Brno, Czechoslovakia Occupation Writer Nationality Czech Ethnicity Czech Citizenship France Alma mater Charles University, Prague; Academy of Performing Arts in Prague Genre Novel[1] Notable works The Joke (?ert) (1967) The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (1979) The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984) Notable awards Jerusalem Prize 1985 The Austrian State Prize for European Literature 1987 Vilenica International Literary Festival 1992 Herder Prize 2000 Czech State Literature Prize 2007 Relatives Ludvík Kundera (1891–1971), father Ludvík Kundera (cousin) 布拉格，一座充滿矛盾的完美城市，現代和古老相輝映，琢磨出世界上最剔透的水晶琉璃，也孕育了卡夫卡、米蘭．昆德拉（Milan Kundera）的文學靈魂。而布拉格人是「以一個笑話，而不是一把劍，向被人瞧不起的獨裁者傳遞他們的優雅。」 漫步布拉格，歷史交錯、今古並存。史麥塔納(Smetana)《我的祖國》音樂響起，米蘭．昆德拉的鄉愁浮現；漸漸能領略出「布拉格之春」的澎湃和悸動。 談起「布拉格之春」，人們自然會想起電影《布拉格之春》，那是改編自米蘭．昆德拉的小說《生命不可承受之輕》(The Unbearable Lightness Of Being)，書中寫的其實是以「布拉格之春」事件為背景的愛情故事，不是寫該次事件的來龍去脈。 回顧歷史，一九一八年，捷克正式獨立，並以布拉格為首都。二次大戰時，德國入侵，把布拉格變為受保護的波希米亞。戰後四十年，捷克成為東歐共產鐵幕成員，自由受到前蘇聯強烈壓製，至一九六八年八月 於溫塞斯拉( Wenceslas )廣場，卒爆發著名「布拉格之春」運動，華沙公約軍開入鎮壓，有超過一百名示威者被殺害。   發起著名「布拉格之春」運動的溫塞斯拉廣場。 「布拉格之春」，可說是從「卡夫卡熱」而來的民主運動，卻一路衝擊到日後東歐國家的民主改革。正如出身異議份子的劇作家、後來當選捷克總統的哈維爾(Havel)所說：「捷克和平革命的原動力，是一種深厚的人文傳統，這不是蘇聯坦克所能摧毀的。」 事件始自一九六八年一月，在捷共中央全會上，改革派杜布切克(Alexander Dubcek)，當選為黨的第一書記，改革力量在黨內取得了統治地位。之後，在捷克出現「布拉格之春」的新局麵。然而，正當整個捷克大地漾動著改革的春潮，從莫斯科吹來了陣陣寒風，終於在八月二十日，蘇、匈、波、保、東德五國出兵侵佔捷克，無情地撲滅了改革之火。 前蘇聯的坦克埋葬了「布拉格之春」，同時也埋葬了捷克人對社會主義的熱情。此後的捷克，成為槍口下的玫瑰，民主運動及與民主有關的文學創作，仍在默默進行。 http://www.rthk.org.hk/elearning/travel/articles/15/f15_01_02_01_01.htm ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 從“布拉格之春”看“社會帝國主義”   鄢烈山 從東歐回來近兩個月，最忘不了的是布拉格。感覺不寫點什麽對不起這座美麗的曆史文化名城：對不起布拉格古堡和查理大橋（神聖羅馬帝國和波希米亞王國京城的標誌性建築）；對不起卡夫卡住過的小屋黃金巷22號（在那裏買了本台灣出版的卡夫卡繪畫集）；對不起哈謝克的好兵帥克（雖然沒有時間到有名的帥克餐廳品味捷克美食）；尤其對不起在網上看過的電影《布拉格之戀》（這部據昆德拉小說改編的情色政治電影，像中國名劇《桃花扇》一樣，以兒女之情寫曆史事件，側麵表現1968年的“布拉格之春”）…… 翻檢相關書籍和資料，書櫥裏冒出本《杜布切克回憶錄》，此人乃“布拉格之春”的發起人，當時的捷克斯洛伐克共產黨第一書記。我猛然想起此公1992年9月1日莫明其妙地遭遇車禍，不久逝世，這與《布拉格之戀》的男女主人公命運相似，他們也是有幸福感覺之時慘遭車禍而身亡。小說原著與電影改編都是在80年代，隻能說軟禁20年後複出的杜布切克的命運應驗了作家的“預言”。 好在杜布切克留下了回憶錄。中文版是黃英尚譯，新華出版社2001年5月出版。我當時買下，一直沒認真看。這回仔細地讀了一遍，借這位最權威的知曉內幕最多的當事人的眼睛，對“布拉格之春”有了生動具體的了解。感觸頗多，何妨就寫這個話題報答布拉格呢？ 這裏先由此談及什麽叫“社會帝國主義”。這是個一度騰囂中國，而20多年來被遺棄的概念。 不妨先抄網上關於蘇軍占領布拉格和捷國全境的資料（這樣基本的曆史事實在解密後的今天誰寫都一樣）： 1968年8月20日晚11時，布拉格機場接到一架蘇聯民航客機信號：“機械事故，要求迫降”客機一降落，數十名蘇軍突擊隊員衝出機艙迅速占領機場。幾分鍾後，蘇第105空降師乘30架安-12型運輸機，從駐地白俄羅斯的維捷布斯克起飛，在戰鬥機和轟炸機掩護下，以每分鍾1架的間隔空運到布拉格。1小時後，一輛蘇聯大使館的汽車引路，蘇軍士兵直撲布拉格。 與此同時，蘇聯國防部副部長兼蘇聯陸軍總司令指揮4個蘇軍坦克師、1個空降師和1個東德師從波蘭直搗布拉格（西方向第一方麵軍）；駐東德4個蘇軍師、1個德軍師切斷捷西部邊界（西方向第二方麵軍）；駐匈牙利蘇軍8個師、匈軍2個師、保加利亞軍一部從南部進攻（西南方向第一方麵軍）；蘇波聯軍4個師進攻北部（西方向第三方麵軍）。同時蘇軍對北大西洋公約組織與捷軍開始全麵電子壓製。21日拂曉，蘇軍占領布拉格，逮捕杜布切克等黨政軍領導人。 當時赫魯曉夫不顧兄弟黨之間應有的禮儀，打算從機場直接前往波黨八中全會所在地參加會議，被哥穆爾卡拒絕了這一要求。對波蘭當年6月發生的波滋南事件，赫魯曉夫的應對還算是比較寬容的，蘇軍也按波共要求退駐營房。但對稍後匈牙利爆發的民變，赫魯曉夫卻令蘇軍痛下殺手，共造成匈牙利人2700名死亡、13000名受傷；甚至殘暴地劫持從南斯拉夫駐匈牙利大使館回家的總理納吉，並最終處死了他。   “社會帝國主義”說到底是帝國主義，不論它扯什麽旗幟掛什麽招牌。對於中國來說，從列寧宣稱廢除沙俄時代與中國簽訂的一切不平等條約（自然就包括了歸還沙俄侵占中國的大片領土），到如今“硬漢”普京宣稱“俄羅斯沒有一寸多餘的領土”（直接針對的是日本要求歸還“北方四島”，基本原則則適用於所有國際領土爭端），中蘇（中俄）關係的曲曲折折、恩恩怨怨一言難盡，不說也罷。     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 布拉格之念 精選 已有 1627 次閱讀 2016-8-1 20:05 |個人分類:旅遊|係統分類:生活其它|關鍵詞:旅遊 攝影 布拉格    推薦到群組 2005年的春天，因參加國際學術會議從北京到訪過捷克首都布拉格，記得當時就被這個充滿古歐風情的魅力之所迷倒了。轉眼十一年過去，有個小小的念頭一直存在心裏，就是能夠重訪布拉格。上周，終於拾得機會，利用暑假，和家人朋友一起，再次徜徉在布拉格老城小方青石塊鋪成的街道上。 第一感物是人非。景依然還是那些景：來往穿梭的有軌電車；擠滿人群的老廣場；碧波粼粼的伏爾塔瓦河； 充滿藝術氣息的查理大橋；登高把全城美景盡收眼底的布拉格城堡......。和十幾年前比，感覺人潮湧動愈加明顯，更為明顯的是同胞遊客隨處可見。還有，好不容易習慣了哥本哈根的高物價，來到布拉格消費，怎一個爽字了得！ 在這個彌漫著爛漫氣息，藝術氣息和生活氣息的城市悠閑地呆上幾天，居然生出身份錯位的感覺－－以為遊客們是這裏真正的主人，而當地居民隻是熱情而忠實的服務生。 出發之前，在家裏重溫了一遍電影碟片?布拉格之戀?，試圖為這次旅行注入些不同“逼格”的東西－－當然，我以前也確實喜歡過朱麗葉比諾什（Juliette Binoche）主演的幾部電影。回過頭來看，有些元素已經漸漸遠離我等的年齡層次。旅遊就是旅遊，把沉重曆史背景下的爛漫而憂傷的愛情故事和懷揣濃濃詩哲味的米蘭昆德拉們擱在一邊，輕鬆愜意看風景也許更為合適。   （1）清晨的伏爾塔瓦河，寧靜而祥和。 （2）遊船穿梭在伏爾塔瓦河上 （3）沐浴夕暉的查理大橋 （4）已近子夜，許多遊客依然在老城廣場上坐著——就那麽坐著，聊著。 （5）查理大橋一端的夜景 （6）從布拉格城堡俯瞰城區和查理大橋 （7）布拉格城堡的教堂尖頂特寫 (8) (9)著名的天文鍾。布拉格天文鍾包括三個主要部分：天文鍾麵，代表太陽和月亮在天空中的方位，顯示各種天文資料；“行走的使徒”，每小時顯示使徒和其他移動雕塑；下部的日曆盤代表月份。關於天文鍾的詳盡資料可參考wiki。 （10）查理大橋上的樂隊表演並推銷他們的作品光碟 (11)查理大橋上的漫畫家為遊客作畫 （12）一對戀人正深情地自拍留影——現實版的布拉格之戀 （13）“光天化日”下 （14）一位婦女身著傳統服飾，在查理大橋上演奏手搖風琴。 （15）甫至還是離去？ （16）背影             轉載本文請聯係原作者獲取授權，同時請注明本文來自莊世宇科學網博客。 鏈接地址：http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-665782-994056.html 上一篇：生態之歌 更多 收藏 分享 舉報 當前推薦數：38 推薦人： 李輕舟 王榮林 曾泳春 徐令予 羅德海 徐長慶 陸綺 蔣永華 劉欣 武夷山 劉玉仙 楊正瓴 張叔勇 嶽東曉 高建國 王德華 王春豔 徐曉 杜敏彪 黃永義 李穎業 劉光銀 趙美娣 鍾炳 張紅旗 韓玉芬 黃秀清 吉宗祥 朱曉剛 羅帆 許培揚 寧利中 餘國誌 李勝文 xlianggg jiareng louiexp againstlaw 推薦到博客首頁 發表評論 評論 (20 個評論) [20]李勝文  2016-8-2 10:13   breath-taking - your photos deprived air of surroundings. Magnificent! [19]陸綺  2016-8-2 09:09   據一位去中國旅遊的朋友說，他被中國遍地亂竄的小汽車驚呆了，他在想“難道他們都想殺人麽……” ======== 又看了一遍照片，又被美哭了 [18]餘國誌  2016-8-2 08:16   這個城市，值得去至少三次。 [17]黃秀清  2016-8-2 03:35   歪果仁好浪漫 [16]崔堯  2016-8-2 03:32   有沒有美食的照片 [15]韓楓  2016-8-2 02:20   那一對戀人，女孩好漂亮 [14]張紅旗  2016-8-2 02:10   戀人那個搶拍還有背景的虛化，絕了。 [13]鍾炳  2016-8-2 01:55   令人向往！ [12]張士宏  2016-8-2 01:38   期待中！ [11]李穎業  2016-8-2 01:03   以前不懂政治和曆史，總以為布拉格之春是一種浪漫 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:17)：現在這個“之春”那個“之春”的多了起來，大家也都明白了。 [10]黃永義  2016-8-2 01:03   美！ 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:44)：謝謝！ [9]jiareng  2016-8-1 23:59   喜歡！這兒的街道太幹淨了。 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:43)：旅遊熱點，不幹淨哪行嗬 [8]張叔勇  2016-8-1 23:21   想念歐洲通透的陽光 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:42)：有空就出去走走 [7]楊正瓴  2016-8-1 23:19   二妞一定隨行？    大妞自立門戶，您有外孫了嗎？ 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:41)：三家朋友相約而行，老大有自己的事情。 [6]張士宏  2016-8-1 23:09   6月去奧地利，順便去捷克CK小鎮，很美麗悠閑的地方！ 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:25)：我們也去了CK，下篇會說。 [5]xlianggg  2016-8-1 22:41      博主回複(2016-8-2 01:19)：謝謝！ [4]蔣永華  2016-8-1 22:21   有人總以為博客沒有意義，我恰恰覺得從別人那裏學一點本身就很有意義。如果再能給別人一點，哪怕是點讚也很好。這樣的句子多好 好不容易習慣了哥本哈根的高物價，來到布拉格消費，怎一個爽字了得！ 旅遊就是旅遊，把沉重曆史背景下的爛漫而憂傷的愛情故事和懷揣濃濃詩哲味的米蘭昆德拉們擱在一邊，輕鬆愜意看風景才也許更為合適。 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:19)：蔣老師高見 謝謝點讚！ [3]陸綺  2016-8-1 21:52   哇！竟然基本看不到小汽車。好童話的世界啊 博主回複(2016-8-2 01:16)：老街都是步行街，外圍還是有汽車的。 [2]table  2016-8-1 21:45      博主回複(2016-8-2 01:15)：   [1]曾泳春  2016-8-1 20:55   太愛了！正如我在朋友圈裏回複的那樣：世界文明真的很不均衡，這幾天一直沉浸在非洲，亂就一個字，和歐洲相比，文明差別太大了。昨天參觀了蒙巴薩的城堡，這座印度洋邊的城市就是幾夥歐洲人和阿拉伯人爭來搶去，與本地人似乎沒有關係。 博主回複(2016-8-1 21:09)：等待看你的印度洋風情 博主回複(2016-8-1 21:06)：個人覺得，歐洲的現代文明是可以作為標杆的。通過什麽途徑接近或達到可以探討，但不應否認。