蘆笛:三說沈崇案
(2010-02-27 08:53:53)
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送交者: 若迷 於 北京時間 08/02/2009 (399 reads) [累積1100分 給若迷發悄悄話]
主題:蘆笛:三說沈崇案
[蘆笛之聲] http://www.hjclub.info/bbs/viewtopic.php?p=2751893
標題: 三說沈崇案 (395 reads) 時間: 2009-7-27 周一, 下午8:20
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作者:蘆笛 在 蘆笛自治區 發貼, 來自 http://www.hjclub.info
三說沈崇案
蘆笛
我援引謝泳先生對沈崇案的介紹,寫了兩篇文字後,網友姚清遠先生找到了據說是當時的新聞報道,覺得各說不一。而且,他認為謝泳先生的文字不是很嚴謹,例如謝泳先生在文中介紹:
“據現在美國的周啟博先生介紹,當時沈崇案由軍事法庭審理,案卷存軍方檔案庫。因涉外國公民,管外交的國務院也有相同的一套案卷。他從國家檔案館取得國務院這套案卷的複製件,全部為英文記錄,共150張。因年久有些詞和字母不太清楚,需從上下文猜出。”
但姚先生認為,謝泳先生沒有給出具體文本,而且他的英文似乎不太好,連卓別林的名字都不認識,如果翻案翻錯了,反而不妥。
竊以為,這位姚網友雖然“沒有骨氣”,思維卻相當縝密。確實如此,後人考察這些重大曆史事件,不能為情緒左右,更不能為政治需要服務,隻能絕對忠於事實。
根據網友稀裏糊塗先生提供的信息,某位現在美國執教的Zhang Hong女士寫了本題為《America Perceived: The Making of Chinese Images of the United States, 1945-1953》(《1945年-1953年中國人眼中的美國》)的專著,其中有一章是專談沈崇案的。老蘆不揣淺陋,特地將該書有關審判的部分(第100頁至第102頁,published by Greenwood Press ,April 30, 2002)翻譯如下。此書在Amazon等大書店有賣。
以下是譯文,為網友閱讀方便,我擅自將原文的某些長段落拆為短小段落,謹向作者致歉。另外,未經原作者同意就擅自翻譯該書片段也是越權行為,但實際上能起到促銷作用,還請原作者一並原諒。
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1947年1月17日,美軍海軍陸戰隊第一師軍事法庭在北平開始審理沈崇案的伍長皮爾遜。在審判即將開始前夕和在審判中,“北平抗暴聯盟” (the Beiping Anti-Brutality Alliance)極度活躍,發布聲明,譴責皮爾遜將由美國軍事法庭而不是由一個中美聯合法庭審判。
在審判中,沈崇上了法庭並作為證人作證。旁聽者限於沈崇的父親、她的法律顧問們、胡適、一群國民黨官員以及新聞記者們。皮爾遜麵對五項指控:(1)攻擊,(2)在蓄謀強奸中的脅迫行為,(3)合奸,(4)不利於良好舉止與軍紀的行為,(5)傷風敗俗的犯法行為。
皮爾遜隻承認合奸,否認了其他指控。27名中美證人在由7人組成的美國軍事法官團麵前作了證。那位中國軍隊技工和警察作證說,他們聽過沈崇哭叫,並看到被告壓在沈的身上,但最初未能援救她,因為受到了那兩個陸戰隊員的威脅。在所謂(alleged)強奸發生的那晚找到那群人的美國憲兵也作證說,皮爾遜“喝醉了”。在所謂強奸發生後不久檢查了沈的中美醫生作證說,他們的檢查發現了她的私處有若幹輕傷,表明她過去沒有多少、或可能從未有過性經驗,但那些輕傷和割傷也可能是合奸引起的。
皮爾遜的辯護律師約翰•馬斯特斯中校不能證明沈崇是個妓女,但他長時間地使勁爭辯說,沈同意和皮爾遜發生性交。馬斯特斯聲稱,所謂強奸發生的地方交通通常很繁忙。如果沈大聲呼救,就會有更多的人更早地前來援救她。馬斯特斯還說,如果沈像被強奸時那樣掙紮,其私處就會受到更多瘀傷和傷害,缺乏激烈的體力抵抗提示那是合奸。關於沈崇在警察局提出強奸指控一事,馬斯特斯聲稱,沈崇這麽做隻是因為她在合奸中被捉到了,因此覺得說那是強奸更有利。
具有諷刺意味的是,盡管皮爾遜的律師很可能沒有看過《大清律》中強奸罪的嚴格條文(其中的僵硬的證據要求給受害人施加了沉重的證明犯罪的負擔),他的辯護卻是按照類似的路線走的。根據《大清律》的強奸條,為了確立強奸犯罪,受害人必須提供證據,以證明她在那折磨中自始至終都在反抗,“此類證據須包括:甲、目擊犯罪或聽到受害人呼救的證人。乙、身有瘀傷或傷口。丙、撕破的衣服。”如果那女子在性攻擊的過程中停止反抗,則該案須斷為“非法合奸”。換言之,如某個學者所言,如果不是受害人的死亡,起碼必須是嚴重受傷,才能讓判案官員認定強奸指控的真實性。在沈崇案中,她實際上已經滿足了中國傳統的強奸罪的三條標準,但馬斯特斯還要爭辯說,為了強奸案得以確立,她應該受更多的瘀傷和叫喊得更響亮。
檢察官保爾•斐茨格若爾德中校指出了兩個陸戰隊員的強大的軀體(皮爾遜身高六英尺,手“又大又有力”)給一位隻重125磅的18歲女大學生帶來的震懾效應。他進一步爭辯說,法律並不要求一個女孩去作超過“她的年齡,力氣,周圍的事實以及環境允許她做的事,來表示她的反對”。他最後說,很難解釋一位出身於良好家庭、受過出色教育的年輕姑娘,為何會願意在一個寒冷的夜晚,在一個空曠的操場上,與一個她剛剛偶然運到的醉漢度過三小時。唯一的解釋就是她因為別無選擇不得不呆了下來。
審判於1月22日結束,馬斯特斯無力的辯護未能說服軍事法官們。皮爾遜被判為對所有的指控有罪,被降為列兵,判處15年監禁。普利查德隨後由另一軍事法庭在元月30日審判,他被判為犯了攻擊罪,以無良舉止被退役,並判10個月監禁。
3月5日,駐華美軍陸戰隊第一師師長塞繆爾•霍華德將軍批準了軍事法庭的判決,但該判決仍需華盛頓的海軍部長批準。1947年6月中旬,海軍軍法官以證據不足為由,建議釋放皮爾遜並恢複其伍長職務。
此前與沈崇案有關的反美示威已經冷卻了許多,學生們專注於反饑餓、反內戰運動。這則新聞再次激起輿論界的怒火,導致學生的請願和抗議聲明。在中國人眼中,皮爾遜犯了強奸罪是不容置疑的,華盛頓開脫他的滔天大罪進一步體現了美國人無視正義。一家有影響的報紙《大公報》在指出美軍中的“黑羊”敗壞了美軍在中國的名聲的同時,也指出“如果一個強奸了中國女孩的美國軍人可以被視為無罪,那麽在美國人眼中,中國人到底成了什麽樣的人?”
關於皮爾遜案件處理的消息也引起了國民黨當局方麵的震驚,導致南京和北平之間又一輪瘋狂的電報來往。與此同時,中國外交部也向南京美國大使館遞交了抗議信,要求維持對皮爾遜的原判。
胡適曾在此前做了許多努力,爭取一個能使得學生平靜下來的法律解決,此時卻痛苦地發現軍事法庭的判決被否決了。從當地一家報紙上得知此事後,他立即打電報給南京的司徒雷登,表示對那消息的嚴重關切與震駭。他警告司徒雷登,這將可能給學生們帶來政治上的震蕩,因為這消息將“有力地煽起反美騷動”。他強烈呼籲司徒雷登嚴肅考慮此事。此後不久,胡適從美國報紙上讀到關於皮爾遜案更詳細的報道,意識到軍法官的建議尚待海軍部長的最後批準。他立即又發了一份標明了“緊急”的電報給司徒雷登,強烈敦促他讓美國政府認識到全中國正在“非常焦急地觀察”皮爾遜案件, 把它當成是對“美國司法的一個考驗”。他直截了當地拒絕了美國新聞報道關於皮爾遜是“在全國學生抗議中”被判決的聲稱,提醒司徒雷登,抗議發生在1946年12月30日,而軍法審判是在1947年1月17日開庭,皮爾遜則在1月22日被判決。
在獲知皮爾遜案的消息後,沈崇的父親沈紹(音譯,好在不是“常凱申”或“門修斯”之類名人)給胡適發了一封措詞激烈的信,譴責美國人無視正義。他指出,已經得到確鑿證明的皮爾遜的犯罪行為被平反,必將使得中國人對美國堅持法治的傾慕心理煙消雲散。他請求胡適敦促中國政府代表他的女兒加以幹預,以期正義得到伸張。
美國海軍部隨即宣布案件仍在調查中,其目的是為了平息再度激起的興奮。但在八月中旬,海軍部長蘇利文宣布因為缺乏證據而撤銷原判決,國防部長傑姆斯•佛理斯托爾簽署了最後的命令。這則重要新聞傳出時,中國的大學和學院都在放暑假。當新學期在九月開始時,抗暴領袖們發現難以再度煽起上一學期的狂熱來。
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請注意:
此處介紹的情況與謝泳轉述的周啟博先生的介紹有如下出入:
1、謝文說:
“據周先生介紹,沈崇事件發生以後,1947年 1月6日海軍陸戰隊第一師(加強師)司令下令於中國北平第五海軍陸戰隊司令部舉行審判,前後經過多次審理。”
而Zhang Hong女士的專著說的卻是1947年1月17日開庭,1月22日結束,她引的胡適給司徒雷登的電文也重複了這一聲稱。
2、謝文說:
“1947年6月11日軍事法庭審判皮爾遜案的審判記錄顯示:控罪3和控罪5已經撤訴;控罪2和控罪4被宣判無罪。控罪1,他被判有罪。他被判決降為列兵軍階,監禁十五年, 受不名譽退伍和其他有關處分。下令審判的有關當局已經批準了審判過程,調查結果和判決。”
張(或章)著則說,軍事法庭審判早已於1月22日結束,法庭全部控罪5項全都成立(這很奇怪,控罪3是“合奸”,也是皮爾遜唯一承認的指控,豈可與強奸控罪同時成立,並行不悖?),判決內容兩者倒是一致的。
3、謝文說:
“軍事法庭最後認定,根據事實和上述法律, 對控罪 1 及其說明的調查結果和下令審判的機關的相關決定 , 予以撤消。根據對控罪2和控罪4的調查結果,對法庭判決和下令審判的機關的相關決定, 予以撤消。總軍法官認為,下令審判的機關根據以上陳述和建議采取的司法程序和行動是合法的。
這個陳述和建議後來得到了海軍部長蘇利文的批準。因此,對控罪1 及其說明的調查結果予以撤銷。根據對控罪 2 和 4 的調查結果,審判的判決和下令審判的機關的相關決定也予以撤銷。”
而張著則說,“1947年6月中旬,海軍軍法官(the Judge Advocate-General of the Navy)以證據不足為由,建議釋放皮爾遜並恢複其伍長職務。”
兩者的基本精神一致,但海軍軍法官6月中旬作的是review,也就是複查案件初審,並不是軍事法庭審判。謝泳先生或周啟博先生未能講清楚,給讀者造成了錯覺,似乎那軍事法庭自1月份開庭後一直延續到該年6月中旬,最後作出了無罪判決。我最初沒細看那文字,獲得的就是這印象。
據我推想,周啟博先生大概是看了海軍部保留的有關司法檔案,其中既有法庭初審和原判的卷宗,也有後來軍法官在審查卷宗後作出的建議判決,但遺憾的是周先生或謝先生未能指明結論式話語的出處,例如下麵這段話:
“雖然證據顯示 1946年12月24日晚事件開始時她不是自願跟兩個海軍陸戰隊員走的,但是除了她自己的證詞以外,沒有其他證據證明她哭過或者反抗過。與此相反,其他控方證人作證說,在她和被告呆在一起的那麽長的時間裏,證人既沒聽到她哭叫,也沒看到她掙紮反抗。如果說這些要幹預被告和姑娘的證人相信姑娘正在被強奸,而 他們無力援救她,是令人難以相信的。”
這到底是誰的話語?是初審時辯護律師的話語,還是海軍部軍法官作出的結論?不說清這些重要細節,讀者就必然會被誤導。
最嚴重的問題還是,這話本身就是個笑話——除非假定控方證人始終和皮爾遜以及沈崇在一起,否則如何能斷言:“在她和被告呆在一起的那麽長的時間裏,證人既沒聽到她哭叫,也沒看到她掙紮反抗”?
有鑒於此,我不揣冒昧,謹此建議謝先生再對此案作類似Zhang Hong 女士那樣的深入調查,最好能組織幾個學生把周啟博先生查到的檔案材料翻譯出來。若是不能做到這點,那就將英文抄下來也行,總比這麽籠而統之地說上一氣要強得多。
我的個人感覺則是:
1)雖然共黨在事發後大肆炒作該案並將其政治化,而該案的客觀效應也的確極大地有利於我黨,但迄無證據表明那是我黨特工使用的美人計。相反,從已知情況來看,那更像是個偶發事件,因此無可能在事前策劃。要捕捉這種偶然機會製造成大案,沈崇必須天天晚上在美軍出沒場所徘徊,而她的家庭不可能允許她這麽做,即使是寄宿在親戚家也無可能。
2)強奸案看來確實發生了,如幾位網友指出的那樣,沈崇不抵抗,並不證明她是心甘情願的——南京大屠殺中那些乖乖跪下讓鬼子砍頭的戰俘和百姓也沒有抵抗,不能因此就說那些人是心甘情願尋死。
3)網上所謂“強奸案未曾發生,沈崇是處女”之類的風傳乃是無根之談。無論是皮爾遜還是沈崇都承認兩人發生了性關係,分歧隻在於是強奸還是合奸。
4)美軍陸戰隊第一師軍事法庭的宣判是正確的。後來海軍部翻案則毫無道理。不能排除種族歧視心理幹擾了海軍部軍法官的判斷。直到上世紀60年代,美國南部黑人被殺,凶手還在證據確鑿的情況下被無罪開釋。40年代傲慢的白人軍官違反正義處理發生在遙遠的中國的罪案不足為奇,皮爾遜若立過戰功就更會如此。
【附注:網友wangology的朋友對此條作了如下批判,本人心悅誠服:
從現在的標準來看,強奸肯定是發生了。我們現在所使用的強奸概念及其判定標準是受1970年代開始的女 權主義法學的影響,也就是說在此之前,美國法律傳統中對強奸的認定就是那麽僵硬的標準,跟文中所提及的大清律的標準也差不多(當然現在多數中國法官對於強 奸的認定標準也是和大清律差不多)。
將強奸——“違背受害者意誌發生的性行為”中的“違背意誌”操作化為“強迫和脅迫”是80年代中後期才被美國和加拿大普遍接受的。從文中的情況 看,沈崇案大致屬於脅迫這一類(脅迫,指為達到非法的目的,采用某種方法造成他人精神上的巨大的壓力或直接對他人肉體施加暴力強製的行為)。主要理由已經 由文中提及的一審控方檢查官闡釋得非常清楚了。倒是很佩服那個控方檢察官,觀念真的是很超前。40年代能夠看到關於強奸案這樣的辯論和案例,估計在美國本 土也不多見。
如果不還原到美國當時所使用的法律製度,以種族歧視來解釋,恐怕又落回狹隘的民族主義的糾巢(蘆注,疑為“窠臼”之誤)。】
5)國府並沒有為討好友邦而放棄維護公民的正當權益,值得檢討的是,此案發生後,國府應該堅持由中國法庭審理,邀請美方人士出庭旁聽。在事實上延續“治外法權”,使得中美兩國最後兩敗俱傷。
6)美國政府極其傲慢短視,竟然無視胡適的呼籲,後來遇上朝鮮戰爭也是活該。
7)中國精英階層一如既往地愚蠢,為我黨當槍使,最後趕走了西式司法正義,換來了“我是和尚打傘——無法無天”,用少數民族的民歌來說便是:“不是爹媽坑害你,你自搬石頭自打腳。”
8)力挽狂瀾而徒勞無功的先知先覺胡適先生乃是現代史上最可憐可悲可敬的精衛鳥。我深信當國人普遍脫愚之日,便是先生為後代子孫感激之時。
9)我在此前的兩篇相關文章中沒有占據足夠的知識作出的推測不能成立,謹此向可能為我誤導的網友道歉,以後當引為教訓,切忌匆忙為文。
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附:英文原文。說明,這是從網上展示的該書的照相文本上逐字抄下來的,有若幹打字錯誤,如將“if”打成“in”,“then”打成“than”,“reveal”打成“revel”等等。我在翻譯中發現了,因此未影響譯文,但我懶得糾正原文了,就這樣吧,估計也沒人看。
On January 17, 1947, an American court martial of the First Marine Division began to try Corporal Pierson in the Shen Chong case in Beiping. Immediately before and during the days of the trial, the Beiping Anti-Brutality Alliance was most active in issuing statements denouncing the fact that Pierson was going to be tried in a US court martial instead of a Sino-US court. At the trial, Shen Chong went to the court and testified as a witness. The audience was limited to Shen Chong’s father, her legal advisers, Hu Shi, a number of GMD officials , and newspaper reporters. Pierson faced five charges: (1) assault, (2) coercion in attempting rape, (3) fornication, (4) behavior prejudicial to good conduct and military discipline, and (5) offense against decency. Pierson pleaded guilt only to fornication, and denied the rest of the charges. Twenty-seven Chinese and American witness testified before a panel of seven American military judges. The Chinese army mechanics and policemen testified that they had heard Shen Chong cry and seen the accused on top of Shen, but had failed to come to her rescue initially because of the threats from the marines. The MP who found the group on the night of the alleged rape also testified that Pierson was “intoxicated.” The American and the Chinese doctors who examined Shen shortly after the alleged rape testified that the examination reveled minor injuries to her private parts and demonstrated that she had not had much or probably had had no previous sexual experience, although the minor bruises and cuts could also result from consensual sexual intercourse.
Pierson’s counsel, lieutenant Colonel John Masters, could not establish Shen Chong as a prostitute, but he did argue long and hard that Shen had consented to sexual intercourse with Pierson. Masters claimed that the place where the alleged rape had taken place was usually heavily traveled. Had Shen cried louder for help, more people would have come to her rescue sooner. Masters also argued that had Shen struggled had as would be expected in a rape, she would have sustained more bruises and injuries to her private parts, while the lack of evidence of strong physical resistance suggested consensual sexual intercourse. Regarding the fact that Shen Chong had pressed a rape charge at the police station, Masters claimed that Shen did so only because she was caught in the act of fornication, and thus found it expedient to call it rape.
Ironically, although the counsel for Pierson was most unlikely to have read the stringent Rape Code of the Qing dynasty, where stiff evidential stipulations placed heavy burden of proof on the victim, his arguments ran along similar lines. Based on the Qing Rape Code, to establish a rape crime, the victim had to supply proof that she had fought against her attacker throughout the whole ordeal. “Such evidence must include: (1) witnesses, either eyewitnesses or people who had heard the victim’s cry for help; (2) bruises and lacerations on her body; and (3) torn clothing.” If the woman had stopped struggling in the course of sexual attack, then the case must be considered “illicit intercourse by mutual consent.” In other words, as one scholar suggests, only severe physical injury, if not her death, could convince judicial officials of the genuineness of he rape charge. In the case of Shen Chong, she actually met the tree traditional Chinese criteria for rape, although Masters argued that she should have had more burses and cried louder for her rape cases to be established.
The prosecution, conducted by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Fitzgerald, argued the debilitating effect of the overpowering physical presence of the two marines (Pierson was a six-foot young man with “large and powerful” hands) on a 125-pound, 18-year-old college girl. Fitzgerald further contended that the law did not require a girl to do more than “her age, strength, the surrounding facts, and all attending circumstances make it reasonable for her to do, in order to manifest her opposition.” He concluded that it was most difficult to explain why a young, educated girl from an excellent family would willingly spend three hours on a bitterly cold night in an open field with a drunken man she had just accidentally run into. The only explanation was that she stayed because she had no other choice.
The trial ended on January 22, the flimsy arguments made by Masters failed to convince the military judges. Pierson was found guilty of all charges, demoted to the rank of private, and sentenced to 15 years’- imprisonment. Pritchard was then tried in a separate court martial that opened on January 30. He was convicted of assault and sentenced to a bad conduct discharge and 10 months in prison.
On March 5, General Samuel Howard, Commander of the First Division of the US Marines stationed in China, ratified the court-martial sentence, which, however, was still subject to final approval by the Secretary of the Navy in Washington. In mid-June of 1947, the Judge Advocate-General of the Navy recommended releasing Pierson from confinement and reinstating him as corporal on the ground of insufficient evidence.
By then the anti-American demonstrations related to Shen Chong case had cooled off appreciably and the students had become preoccupied with the anti-hunger, anti-civil war movement. This piece of news again aroused some fury in the press, and led to student petitions and protest manifestos. For the Chinese, that Pierson was guilty of rape was beyond any doubt and Washington’s exoneration of his heinous crime further suggested the American disregard of justice. Dagong Bao, an influential newspaper, while suggesting that “black sheep” among American servicemen had adversely affected the reputation of American forces in China, nevertheless asserted that “in an American service man who has raped a Chinese girl can be considered not guilty, then what kind of people will the Chinese be in the eyes of Americans?”
The news about the Pierson case also caused consternation on the part of GMD authorities, and led to another wound of frenzied exchanges of telegrams between Beiping and Nanjing. Meanwhile, the Chinese foreign ministry also dispatched a letter of protest to the American embassy in Nanjing demanding the original sentence of Pierson be maintained.
Hu Shi, who had exerted much effort in securing a legal settlement that could pacify the students, found to his dismay that the court-martial ruling was rejected. Upon learning the news from a local Chinese newspaper, Hu Shi immediately telegraphed Stuart in Nanjing. He stated his grave concern and shock at the news, and warned Stuart of possible political repercussions among students because this news would “greatly inflame anti-American agitation.” In the end, he strongly appealed to Stuart’s serious consideration of the issue. Shortly after, Hu Shi read a more detailed account on the Pierson case from an American newspaper and realized that the recommendation made by the Jude Advocate-General had to await final approval by the Secretary of the Navy. He immediately sent another telegram marked “urgent” to Stuart strongly urging him to make the American government realize that the Pierson case was “most anxiously watched” by the whole Chinese nation as a “test of American justice.” He flatly refuted the claim made by the American report that Pierson was convicted “in the midst of nationwide student demonstrations.” He asked Stuart to recall that the student demonstrations took place on December 30, 1946, while the court martial was opened on January 17, 1947, and Pierson was convicted on January 22.
Upon learning about the news related to Pierson case, Shen Chong’s father, Shen Shao, sent a strongly worded letter to Hu Shi condemning the American disregard of justice. He asserted that to reverse of Pierson’s well-established criminal act would result in the complete dissipation of the Chinese admiration for American adherence to law. He implored Hu Shi to urge the Chinese government to interfere on behalf of his daughter to see justice done.
The Department of the Navy than announced that the case was still under investigation, which worked to quench the renewed excitement. In mid-August, however, Secretary of the Navy John Sullivan declared a reversal of the verdict based on lack of evidence, and Secretary of Defense James Forrestal signed the final order. This piece of important news came out when the Chinese colleges and universities were in summer recess. When the fall semester began in September, the Kangbao leaders found it difficult to regenerate the fervor of the previous semester. (Zhang Hong: America Perceived: The Making of Chinese Images of the United States, 1945-1953, pp100-102, pub Greenwood Press ,April 30, 2002)
作者:蘆笛 在 蘆笛自治區 發貼, 來自 http://www.hjclub.info