正文
null從美國civil rights movement看中國的民主進程
最近我有一個朋友在中學讀到美國civil rights movement，也問到大陸六四的曆史。很多大陸的年輕人都很崇尚美國的人權和民主，從美國曆史可以看到美國的人權發展也是不一帆風順，而是通過四十年很多領袖人物和民眾的努力。這包括著名的Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.，他為人權運動在監獄裏度過，在１９６８年被刺殺。
以下是美國人權運動的曆史：
The civil rights key timeline
1954 -- U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.
1955 -- Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.
Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.
1956 -- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.
1957 -- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance.
1960 -- Four black college students begin sit-ins at lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served.
Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.
1961 -- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states.
1962 -- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school\'s first black student, can attend.
The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.
The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.
1963 -- Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper\'s bullet.
Race riots prompt modified martial law in Cambridge, Maryland.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.
Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead.
1964 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long filibuster.
Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.
Riots in Harlem, Philadelphia.
1965 -- March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights; two civil rights workers slain earlier in the year in Selma.
Malcolm X assassinated.
Riot in Watts, Los Angeles.
New voting rights act signed.
1966 -- Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years.
1967 -- Riots in Detroit, Newark, New Jersey.
Thurgood Marshall first black to be named to the Supreme Court.
Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities.
1968 -- Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison.
Poor People\'s March on Washington -- planned by King before his death -- goes on.
1973 -- Maynard Jackson (Atlanta), first black elected mayor of a major Southern U.S. city.
1975 --Voting Rights Act extended.
1978 -- Supreme Court rules that medical school admission programs that set aside positions based on race are unconstitutional (Bakke decision).
1979 -- Shoot-out in Greensboro, North Carolina, leaves five anti-Klan protesters dead; 12 Klansmen charged with murder.
1983 -- Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday established.
1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan\'s veto.
1989 -- Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
1990 -- President Bush vetoes a civil rights bill he says would impose quotas for employers; weaker bill passes muster in 1991.
1991 -- Civil rights museum opens at King assassination site in Memphis.
1994 -- Byron De La Beckwith convicted of 1963 Medgar Evers assassination.
1995 -- Supreme Court rules that federal programs that use race as a categorical classification must have compelling government interest to do so.
1996 -- Supreme Court rules consideration of race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional.
曆史告訴我們，既得利益者不會輕易放棄他們的權利，這是一個長期鬥爭和爭取的過程。這不可能通過一個幾周的運動就實現了。
從美國civil rights movement曆史看了，中國民主進程缺乏以下幾點：
１． 一個開放的社會環境
２． 帶有理想主義的領袖
３． 據有綱領，和長期努力的組織
最近我有一個朋友在中學讀到美國civil rights movement，也問到大陸六四的曆史。很多大陸的年輕人都很崇尚美國的人權和民主，從美國曆史可以看到美國的人權發展也是不一帆風順，而是通過四十年很多領袖人物和民眾的努力。這包括著名的Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.，他為人權運動在監獄裏度過，在１９６８年被刺殺。
以下是美國人權運動的曆史：
The civil rights key timeline
1954 -- U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.
1955 -- Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.
Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.
1956 -- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.
1957 -- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance.
1960 -- Four black college students begin sit-ins at lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served.
Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.
1961 -- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states.
1962 -- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school\'s first black student, can attend.
The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.
The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.
1963 -- Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper\'s bullet.
Race riots prompt modified martial law in Cambridge, Maryland.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.
Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead.
1964 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long filibuster.
Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.
Riots in Harlem, Philadelphia.
1965 -- March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights; two civil rights workers slain earlier in the year in Selma.
Malcolm X assassinated.
Riot in Watts, Los Angeles.
New voting rights act signed.
1966 -- Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years.
1967 -- Riots in Detroit, Newark, New Jersey.
Thurgood Marshall first black to be named to the Supreme Court.
Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities.
1968 -- Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison.
Poor People\'s March on Washington -- planned by King before his death -- goes on.
1973 -- Maynard Jackson (Atlanta), first black elected mayor of a major Southern U.S. city.
1975 --Voting Rights Act extended.
1978 -- Supreme Court rules that medical school admission programs that set aside positions based on race are unconstitutional (Bakke decision).
1979 -- Shoot-out in Greensboro, North Carolina, leaves five anti-Klan protesters dead; 12 Klansmen charged with murder.
1983 -- Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday established.
1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan\'s veto.
1989 -- Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
1990 -- President Bush vetoes a civil rights bill he says would impose quotas for employers; weaker bill passes muster in 1991.
1991 -- Civil rights museum opens at King assassination site in Memphis.
1994 -- Byron De La Beckwith convicted of 1963 Medgar Evers assassination.
1995 -- Supreme Court rules that federal programs that use race as a categorical classification must have compelling government interest to do so.
1996 -- Supreme Court rules consideration of race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional.
曆史告訴我們，既得利益者不會輕易放棄他們的權利，這是一個長期鬥爭和爭取的過程。這不可能通過一個幾周的運動就實現了。
從美國civil rights movement曆史看了，中國民主進程缺乏以下幾點：
１． 一個開放的社會環境
２． 帶有理想主義的領袖
３． 據有綱領，和長期努力的組織
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