正文
解读“知觉”的特征及作用时间∶
来源∶心理培训網 作者∶ADMIN
翻譯為英文by google
Interpretation of perceived characteristics and time :2009 -02-04 01:36:14 Source: Network of Mental Training: ADMIN
People often feel things and their perception of events known as the feel, the feeling is a verbal The description of the psychological feel is called perception. Production is based on perceived feel foundation.
There are four main characteristics of perception:
(A) the perceived integrity. The object is perceived with a variety of attributes, is composed of different parts, and thus the formation of our perception of it is a unified whole. For example, when we get a graph structure and size of visual perception, it is because the various parts of the graphics simultaneously on the results of our visual organs; our perception of sound film, is due to the film\'s sound, light at the same time but have to act on our organs of vision and hearing organs of the results. This will form a complete perception.
(B) selective perception and understanding of. People always live in a wide variety of things, but within a certain period of time all things can not be perceived, but only certain things have consciousness. This is the perception of selectivity. Selective perception can separate the object from the background to quickly obtain a clear image.
(C) the perceived effect of the background. Objective things are diverse, people are always in a certain period of time, perception and point necessary to a certain object. These highlight the perception of objects, the object is like other things around the perception of the object is relegated to the background of the relatively minor status. Perceived greater differences between the object and the background more easily distinguishable, the formation of the perception on the clear and conspicuous; the other hand is not easy to tell, or not very clear. Object and the background can be transformed again, when things had become perceived as a background object, the original thing as an object to retreat into the background. This phenomenon is particularly pun clearly see the map. Figure 1 can be regarded as a plane polygon can be regarded as three-dimensional image; Figure 2, such as dual-head like a trophy; Figure 3, can be seen as girl or woman\'s head.
Thus, in a pun and the background objects in contact, easily be perceived and grasped. In addition, the perception of moving objects tend to occupy the position of the object, while the rest of the body position is often in the background. Thus, in teaching the students should try to avoid the perception of ambiguous content, teaching focus to highlight, not telling a tale; to the proper use of varied visual aids; the same time with a purpose, there are plans to organize students, such as zoos, exhibitions and museums to be observed; also in the possible use of a variety of modern teaching methods. Thus, the teaching content visualization, diversification, will be more than just from books about better results.
In the perception of objects, for those who understand things are always easy to sense and can get a comprehensive understanding of the profound. Comrade Mao Zedong said: We felt something proven, we can not immediately understand it, only to understand more deeply what it feels it. (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, People\'s Publishing House in 1968 edition, p. 263) It is up to the knowledge and experience of the past help to understand the objects of perception and judgments. This is the understanding of perception. This feature of perception is closely linked with language, in the perception of an unfinished graphics, if the words (vocabulary) to give prompt will quickly understand the contents of graphics, this is because the general characteristics and perceived associated reason.
(D) perception of constancy. When we form a perception of a certain objective things, the understanding of it will have relative stability, that is, when the distance, illumination changes, the perception of the object size, shape and color due to relatively constant, while still be known. The human eye and cameras from the structural point of view similar to changes in the retina from the projected size of the image will change much if the location of an adult in a child, then the retina in our eyes the image of the adult projection children to be less than the image. But we do not think the perception was always smaller than adult children. Again, the object is standing in front of us, our eyes are now standing on the retina of objects appear on the image and camera film are images of objects standing on the film and camera images show the same object is established, all is inverted the. But because of our experience and other sensory information to tell us that we are still the object of perception is established. Experimental results show that if we wear glasses but rather to see things begin to see things are upside down, but over a certain time will be corrected. Take off the glasses at a later date, it will take some time and corrected again (recovery). This feature of perception is perceived constancy. From here you can see, knowledge and experience in the important role of perception.
??人们常把对事物及事件的感受认知称为“感觉”，感觉是一種口语化的形容，在心理学上“感觉”被称为“知觉”。知觉的产生是建立在“感觉”基础之上的。
知觉有四種主要的特性∶
??（一）知觉的整體性。被知觉的客體具有多種属性，是由不同部分腹成的，因而我们对它所形成的知觉是一个统一的整體。例如，当我们获得一个图形结腹和大小的视知觉时，是由於整个图形的各个部分同时作用於我们的视觉器官的结果；我们对有声电影的知觉，是由於电影的声、光同时而又相继地作用於我们的视觉器官和聽觉器官的结果。这样就形成了一个完整的知觉。
??（二）知觉的选择性和理解性。人们总是在多種多样的事物中生活的，但在一定时间内不能知觉所有的事物，而隻是对某些事物产生知觉。这就是知觉的选择性。知觉的选择性能把对象从背景中分 出来，从而迅速获得清晰的映象。
??（三）知觉的背景效应。客观的事物是形形色色的，人们总是在一定时间内，按需要来感知與指向一定的对象。对这些突出的对象进行感知时，对象周围的其他事物就好像是感知对象的背景而退居相对次要的地位。被感知的对象與背景差異越大越易於分辨，形成的知觉就清晰、突出；反之就不易分辨或不甚清晰。对象與背景又是可以转化的，当原来作为背景的事物成为知觉的对象时，原来作为对象的事物就退而成为背景。这一现象在双关图上看得特别清楚。图1可看作多角形的平麵又可看成立體的图像；图2，像奖杯又像双头像；图3，可看成少女或老妇人的头像。
??由此可见，在有对象與背景双关联係中的对象，容易被人们所知觉和把握。另外，移动的物體往往居於感知对象的地位，而静止的物體常是处於背景的位置。因此，在教学上应尽量避免给学生模 两可的感知内容，讲授重点要突出，不要平铺直叙；要正確地使用富於变化的直观教具；同时要有目的、有计劃地组织学生到诸如动物园、展览会、博物馆等去进行观察；也要在可能範围内使用各種现代化教学手段。这样，使教学内容形象化、多样化，就会比单从书本上讲述有更好的效果。
??在感知对象时，对於那些理解的事物总是容易感知並能获得深刻全麵的认识。毛泽东同誌说过∶我们的实践证明感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，隻有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。（《毛泽东选集》，人民出版社1968年版，第263页）这就要靠过去的知识和经验的帮助，对感知的对象进行理解和判断。这就是知觉的理解性。知觉的这个特点是與语言有着紧密联係的，在知觉一个未完成的图形时，如果用言语（词汇）给以提示时便会很快地明白图形的内容，这是因为和知觉的概括性特征有关联的缘故。
??（四）知觉的恒常性。当我们对某一客观事物形成知觉时，对它的认识便会有相对稳定性，即当距 、照度改变时，对於这一对象知觉的大小、形状和颜色等会因相对恒定性，而仍被认知。人类的眼睛从结腹上看和照相機相仿，改变距 使投射在视網膜上的像会有大小的改变，如果一个成年人位置远於一个兒童，那厶在我们眼睛網膜上这一成年人投射的图像要小於兒童的图像。但是我们的知觉却总是不会觉得成年人小於兒童。又如，物體在我们麵前正立着，我们的眼睛網膜上得到正立着的物體的图像和相機底片上显现正立着的物體的图像和相機底片上显现正立物體的图像一样，都是倒立的。但由於我们的经验和其他感觉的信息告诉我们，我们所知觉的物體仍然是正立的。实验证明，如果我们戴上倒像的眼镜看东西，开始看到的东西都是倒过来的，但过一定时间就会矫正过来。日後再摘掉这種眼镜，也需要一定时间又能再矫正过来（恢複）。知觉的这个特性就是知觉的恒常性。从这裏也可以看出，知识经验在知觉中的重要作用。
来源∶心理培训網 作者∶ADMIN
翻譯為英文by google
Interpretation of perceived characteristics and time :2009 -02-04 01:36:14 Source: Network of Mental Training: ADMIN
People often feel things and their perception of events known as the feel, the feeling is a verbal The description of the psychological feel is called perception. Production is based on perceived feel foundation.
There are four main characteristics of perception:
(A) the perceived integrity. The object is perceived with a variety of attributes, is composed of different parts, and thus the formation of our perception of it is a unified whole. For example, when we get a graph structure and size of visual perception, it is because the various parts of the graphics simultaneously on the results of our visual organs; our perception of sound film, is due to the film\'s sound, light at the same time but have to act on our organs of vision and hearing organs of the results. This will form a complete perception.
(B) selective perception and understanding of. People always live in a wide variety of things, but within a certain period of time all things can not be perceived, but only certain things have consciousness. This is the perception of selectivity. Selective perception can separate the object from the background to quickly obtain a clear image.
(C) the perceived effect of the background. Objective things are diverse, people are always in a certain period of time, perception and point necessary to a certain object. These highlight the perception of objects, the object is like other things around the perception of the object is relegated to the background of the relatively minor status. Perceived greater differences between the object and the background more easily distinguishable, the formation of the perception on the clear and conspicuous; the other hand is not easy to tell, or not very clear. Object and the background can be transformed again, when things had become perceived as a background object, the original thing as an object to retreat into the background. This phenomenon is particularly pun clearly see the map. Figure 1 can be regarded as a plane polygon can be regarded as three-dimensional image; Figure 2, such as dual-head like a trophy; Figure 3, can be seen as girl or woman\'s head.
Thus, in a pun and the background objects in contact, easily be perceived and grasped. In addition, the perception of moving objects tend to occupy the position of the object, while the rest of the body position is often in the background. Thus, in teaching the students should try to avoid the perception of ambiguous content, teaching focus to highlight, not telling a tale; to the proper use of varied visual aids; the same time with a purpose, there are plans to organize students, such as zoos, exhibitions and museums to be observed; also in the possible use of a variety of modern teaching methods. Thus, the teaching content visualization, diversification, will be more than just from books about better results.
In the perception of objects, for those who understand things are always easy to sense and can get a comprehensive understanding of the profound. Comrade Mao Zedong said: We felt something proven, we can not immediately understand it, only to understand more deeply what it feels it. (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, People\'s Publishing House in 1968 edition, p. 263) It is up to the knowledge and experience of the past help to understand the objects of perception and judgments. This is the understanding of perception. This feature of perception is closely linked with language, in the perception of an unfinished graphics, if the words (vocabulary) to give prompt will quickly understand the contents of graphics, this is because the general characteristics and perceived associated reason.
(D) perception of constancy. When we form a perception of a certain objective things, the understanding of it will have relative stability, that is, when the distance, illumination changes, the perception of the object size, shape and color due to relatively constant, while still be known. The human eye and cameras from the structural point of view similar to changes in the retina from the projected size of the image will change much if the location of an adult in a child, then the retina in our eyes the image of the adult projection children to be less than the image. But we do not think the perception was always smaller than adult children. Again, the object is standing in front of us, our eyes are now standing on the retina of objects appear on the image and camera film are images of objects standing on the film and camera images show the same object is established, all is inverted the. But because of our experience and other sensory information to tell us that we are still the object of perception is established. Experimental results show that if we wear glasses but rather to see things begin to see things are upside down, but over a certain time will be corrected. Take off the glasses at a later date, it will take some time and corrected again (recovery). This feature of perception is perceived constancy. From here you can see, knowledge and experience in the important role of perception.
??人们常把对事物及事件的感受认知称为“感觉”，感觉是一種口语化的形容，在心理学上“感觉”被称为“知觉”。知觉的产生是建立在“感觉”基础之上的。
知觉有四種主要的特性∶
??（一）知觉的整體性。被知觉的客體具有多種属性，是由不同部分腹成的，因而我们对它所形成的知觉是一个统一的整體。例如，当我们获得一个图形结腹和大小的视知觉时，是由於整个图形的各个部分同时作用於我们的视觉器官的结果；我们对有声电影的知觉，是由於电影的声、光同时而又相继地作用於我们的视觉器官和聽觉器官的结果。这样就形成了一个完整的知觉。
??（二）知觉的选择性和理解性。人们总是在多種多样的事物中生活的，但在一定时间内不能知觉所有的事物，而隻是对某些事物产生知觉。这就是知觉的选择性。知觉的选择性能把对象从背景中分 出来，从而迅速获得清晰的映象。
??（三）知觉的背景效应。客观的事物是形形色色的，人们总是在一定时间内，按需要来感知與指向一定的对象。对这些突出的对象进行感知时，对象周围的其他事物就好像是感知对象的背景而退居相对次要的地位。被感知的对象與背景差異越大越易於分辨，形成的知觉就清晰、突出；反之就不易分辨或不甚清晰。对象與背景又是可以转化的，当原来作为背景的事物成为知觉的对象时，原来作为对象的事物就退而成为背景。这一现象在双关图上看得特别清楚。图1可看作多角形的平麵又可看成立體的图像；图2，像奖杯又像双头像；图3，可看成少女或老妇人的头像。
??由此可见，在有对象與背景双关联係中的对象，容易被人们所知觉和把握。另外，移动的物體往往居於感知对象的地位，而静止的物體常是处於背景的位置。因此，在教学上应尽量避免给学生模 两可的感知内容，讲授重点要突出，不要平铺直叙；要正確地使用富於变化的直观教具；同时要有目的、有计劃地组织学生到诸如动物园、展览会、博物馆等去进行观察；也要在可能範围内使用各種现代化教学手段。这样，使教学内容形象化、多样化，就会比单从书本上讲述有更好的效果。
??在感知对象时，对於那些理解的事物总是容易感知並能获得深刻全麵的认识。毛泽东同誌说过∶我们的实践证明感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，隻有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。（《毛泽东选集》，人民出版社1968年版，第263页）这就要靠过去的知识和经验的帮助，对感知的对象进行理解和判断。这就是知觉的理解性。知觉的这个特点是與语言有着紧密联係的，在知觉一个未完成的图形时，如果用言语（词汇）给以提示时便会很快地明白图形的内容，这是因为和知觉的概括性特征有关联的缘故。
??（四）知觉的恒常性。当我们对某一客观事物形成知觉时，对它的认识便会有相对稳定性，即当距 、照度改变时，对於这一对象知觉的大小、形状和颜色等会因相对恒定性，而仍被认知。人类的眼睛从结腹上看和照相機相仿，改变距 使投射在视網膜上的像会有大小的改变，如果一个成年人位置远於一个兒童，那厶在我们眼睛網膜上这一成年人投射的图像要小於兒童的图像。但是我们的知觉却总是不会觉得成年人小於兒童。又如，物體在我们麵前正立着，我们的眼睛網膜上得到正立着的物體的图像和相機底片上显现正立着的物體的图像和相機底片上显现正立物體的图像一样，都是倒立的。但由於我们的经验和其他感觉的信息告诉我们，我们所知觉的物體仍然是正立的。实验证明，如果我们戴上倒像的眼镜看东西，开始看到的东西都是倒过来的，但过一定时间就会矫正过来。日後再摘掉这種眼镜，也需要一定时间又能再矫正过来（恢複）。知觉的这个特性就是知觉的恒常性。从这裏也可以看出，知识经验在知觉中的重要作用。
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