曆史上的六月三日

曆史上的6/3日

 

今天是6/3日，2023年的第154天，今年還剩211天。

人類曆史上的今天,發生了如下值得我關注的事件：

 

——1839

1839年6月3日(清宣宗道光十九年四月丁亥)，林則徐在虎門公開毀鴉片。

 

　　林則徐於1838年12月31日被任命為欽差大臣，往廣東查禁鴉片，抑製該省水師。他於１８３９年3月10日抵達廣州，在兩廣總督鄧廷楨的合作下，依靠廣州人民禁煙。當時，鴉片商人和英國代表都抱觀望態度。林則徐宣稱：“若鴉片一日未絕，本大臣一日不回！”3月18日，林則徐命十三行頒給諭帖，嚴令外商繳出鴉片，並保證以後不再販賣鴉片。24日，英國駐華商務監督義律從澳門潛入廣州洋館，阻止外商交煙。林則徐一麵派兵監視洋館，封銷廣州、澳門之間的交通線，一麵曉諭英商，論理、論法、論情、論勢，說明必須禁絕販煙。27日，義律被迫遞函允繳鴉片。4月11日，林則徐、鄧廷楨親抵虎門驗繳鴉片。從4月12日至5月21日，共收繳鴉片19187袋，餘8箱留為樣品，後來銷毀。６月３日，林則徐在虎門銷煙，經22天方銷完。虎門銷煙是禁煙運動的高潮，是對於數十年來外商販運鴉片的嚴正抗議和堅決打擊，維護了中華民族的尊嚴，顯示了中國人民反抗侵略的意誌。

 

——1916

美國伍德羅·威爾遜總統簽署了《國防法案》

 

1916年6月3日，美國總統伍德羅·威爾遜簽署了《國防法案》，該法案擴大了國民警衛隊的規模和範圍，（國民警衛隊是自美國殖民時代以來穩步發展的各州民兵體係，）並保證了其作為國家永久預備役部隊的地位。《國防法》將各州的民兵置於聯邦控製之下，並授權總統在發生戰爭或國家緊急狀態時調動國民警衛隊。

 

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs National Defense Act

Photo Credit: Interim Archives/Getty Images

On June 3, 1916, United States President Woodrow Wilsonsigns into law the National Defense Act, which expanded the size and scope of the National Guard—the network of states’ militias that had been developing steadily since colonial times—and guaranteed its status as the nation’s permanent reserve force.

Though Theodore Roosevelt and other Republicans were pushing for U.S. intervention in World War I, Wilson, elected in 1912, maintained a position of neutrality throughout the first several years of the war. In the first half of 1916, however, with forces from the regular U.S. Army as well as the National Guard called out to face Mexican rebel leader Pancho Villaduring his raids on states in the American Southwest, Wilson and Congress saw the need to reinforce the nation’s armed forces and increase U.S. military preparedness. The National Defense Act, ratified by Congress in May 1916 and signed by Wilson on June 3, brought the states’ militias more under federal control and gave the president authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency.

 

——1928

軍閥張作霖被日本人安置的炸彈炸死。

 

Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin dies as a result of a bomb blast set off by the Japanese.

 

——1965

第一位美國宇航員在太空行走

 

1965年6月3日，遠離地球120英裏，愛德華·H少校。White II打開了雙子座4號的艙口，走出了太空艙，成為第一位在太空行走的美國宇航員。懷特用25英尺的係繩連接到飛船上，用手持氧氣射流推進槍控製他的動作，在太空艙外呆了20多分鍾。

 

蘇聯宇航員阿列克謝·A。Leonov是有史以來人類太空行走第一人。1965年三月十八日他步出太空艙，行走在廣袤無際太空中。

First American astronaut walks in space

Photo Credit: NASA

On June 3, 1965, 120 miles above the Earth, Major Edward H. White II opens the hatch of the Gemini 4 and steps out of the capsule, becoming the first American astronaut to walk in space. Attached to the craft by a 25-foot tether and controlling his movements with a hand-held oxygen jet-propulsion gun, White remained outside the capsule for just over 20 minutes. As a space walker, White had been preceded by Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei A. Leonov, who on March 18, 1965, was the first man ever to walk in space.

 

 

——1989

天安門鎮壓開始了

 

隨著對民主改革的抗議進入第七周，中共政府下令正規軍和坦克不惜一切代價收複被抗議學生占居的北京天安門廣場。到6月4日黃昏時分，中國軍隊強行清除了廣場，造成數百人死亡，並逮捕了數千名示威者和持不同政見者。

 

Crackdown at Tiananmen begins

With protests for democratic reforms entering their seventh week, the Chinese government authorizes its soldiers and tanks to reclaim Beijing’s Tiananmen Square at all costs. By nightfall on June 4, Chinese troops had forcibly cleared the square, killing hundreds and arresting thousands of demonstrators and suspected dissidents。