紐約時報今天報道,在美國國務卿克林頓於1月21日發表了關於互聯網自由的長篇講話。她在講話中,提到幾個在過去幾年中采取措施封鎖信息交流的幾個國家,包括中國,突尼斯,烏茲別克斯坦,埃及,伊朗,沙特阿拉伯和越南。克林頓並表示。美國政府會對致力於擴大推動互聯網自由的團體提供資金援助。
與此同時,美國駐北京大使館及上海和廣州的領事館在星期五下午舉辦了與中國博客社區成員的討論- 一個華盛頓接觸中國的博客成員們,傳播其信息的最新方式。 政治,經濟及公共事務部門的外交官與博客成員們見麵並進行了討論,對克林頓的講話回答了提問。 博客名字為''Zuola''的周書廣(Zhou
Shuguang)在廣州參加了會議,表示克林頓總統的講話與中國的博客成員們對內容管製的沮喪有很大的共鳴。 "我們歡迎美國把這一問題通過外交途徑進行討論。"
中國媒體幾乎沒有報道克林頓的講話。外交部網站刊登了外交部發言人馬朝旭的官方回應(注,未能在外交部的網站查到),同時屏蔽了評論的功能。
時間:2010-01-22
10:26 來源:新華網
新華網北京1月21日電(記者廖雷 魏建華)中國外交部副部長何亞非21日表示,中國政府歡迎外國互聯網企業來華發展,但其應遵守中國法律法規,各界不應過度解讀“穀歌事件”。
何亞非在接受記者采訪時表示,穀歌等外國企業在中國遇到問題,應通過中國法律進行解決,中國政府也願意幫助它們解決有關問題。“穀歌事件”不應與兩國政府和兩國關係掛鉤,否則就是過度解讀。
關於網絡監管問題,何亞非表示,網絡監管事關國家安全,許多國家都有相應監管措施,中國也不例外,這也很正常。如果外國企業對此有不同看法,也應該通過法律途徑加以解決。
何亞非當天還表示,奧巴馬上任一年來來,中美關係發展基本穩定。
外交部發言人馬朝旭就美國國務卿克林頓有關“互聯網自由”演講涉華內容答記者問
2010/01/22
問:美國國務卿克林頓21日就“互聯網自由”問題發表演講,其中談到中國互聯網管理政策,認為中方限製互聯網自由,請問中方對此有何評論?
答:美方指責中國的互聯網管理政策,影射中國限製互聯網自由。對於這種違背事實、損害中美關係的言行,我們堅決反對。
中國互聯網是開放的,中國也是互聯網發展最活躍的國家,到去年底,中國網民達3.84億,網站達368萬個,博客1.8億。中國憲法保護公民的言論自由,推動互聯網的發展是我們的一貫政策。中國有自己的國情和文化傳統,中國對互聯網堅持依法管理,符合世界通行做法。
中國法律禁止任何形式的網絡黑客行為和侵犯公民個人隱私的行為。中國是世界上主要的黑客攻擊受害國之一。中國主張通過加強國際合作,共同嚴厲打擊網絡黑客行為,維護網絡安全和依法保護公民個人隱私。
我們敦促美方尊重事實,停止利用所謂互聯網自由問題對中國進行無理指責。我們希望美方同中方一道,認真落實兩國領導人就發展新時期中美關係達成的共識,加強對話、交流與合作,尊重彼此核心利益和重大關切,妥善處理分歧和敏感問題,以維護中美關係健康穩定發展。
http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/dhdw/t653257.htm
Hillary
Rodham Clinton
Secretary of State
The Newseum,
錄像鏈接:http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1705667530?bctid=62730021001
SECRETARY CLINTON: Thank you very much, Alberto, for not only that
kind introduction but your and your colleagues’ leadership of this important
institution. It’s a pleasure to be here at the Newseum. The Newseum is a
monument to some of our most precious freedoms, and I’m grateful for this
opportunity to discuss how those freedoms apply to the challenges of the 21st century.
Although I can’t see all of you because in settings like this, the lights are
in my eyes and you are in the dark, I know that there are many friends and
former colleagues. I wish to acknowledge Charles Overby, the CEO of Freedom
Forum here at the Newseum; Senator Edward Kaufman and Senator Joe Lieberman, my
former colleagues in the Senate, both of whom worked for passage of the Voice
Act, which speaks to Congress’s and the American people’s commitment to
internet freedom, a commitment that crosses party lines and branches of
government.
Also, I’m told here as well are Senator Sam Brownback, Senator Ted Kaufman,
Representative Loretta Sanchez, many representatives of the Diplomatic Corps,
ambassadors, chargés, participants in our International Visitor Leadership
Program on internet freedom from
This is an important speech on a very important subject. But before I begin, I
want to just speak briefly about
Information networks have also played a critical role on the ground. When I was
with President Preval in
The spread of information networks is forming a new nervous system for our
planet. When something happens in
Now, in many respects, information has never been so free. There are more ways
to spread more ideas to more people than at any moment in history. And even in
authoritarian countries, information networks are helping people discover new
facts and making governments more accountable.
During his visit to
Because amid this unprecedented surge in connectivity, we must also recognize
that these technologies are not an unmitigated blessing. These tools are also
being exploited to undermine human progress and political rights. Just as steel
can be used to build hospitals or machine guns, or nuclear power can either
energize a city or destroy it, modern information networks and the technologies
they support can be harnessed for good or for ill. The same networks that help
organize movements for freedom also enable al-Qaida to spew hatred and incite
violence against the innocent. And technologies with the potential to open up
access to government and promote transparency can also be hijacked by
governments to crush dissent and deny human rights.
In the last year, we’ve seen a spike in threats to the free flow of
information.
On their own, new technologies do not take sides in the struggle for freedom
and progress, but the
Franklin Roosevelt built on these ideas when he delivered his Four Freedoms
speech in 1941. Now, at the time, Americans faced a cavalcade of crises and a
crisis of confidence. But the vision of a world in which all people enjoyed
freedom of expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from
fear transcended the troubles of his day. And years later, one of my heroes,
Eleanor Roosevelt, worked to have these principles adopted as a cornerstone of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have provided a lodestar to
every succeeding generation, guiding us, galvanizing us, and enabling us to
move forward in the face of uncertainty.
So as technology hurtles forward, we must think back to that legacy. We need to
synchronize our technological progress with our principles. In accepting the
Nobel Prize, President Obama spoke about the need to build a world in which
peace rests on the inherent rights and dignities of every individual. And in my
speech on human rights at
There are many other networks in the world. Some aid in the movement of people
or resources, and some facilitate exchanges between individuals with the same
work or interests. But the internet is a network that magnifies the power and
potential of all others. And that’s why we believe it’s critical that its users
are assured certain basic freedoms. Freedom of expression is first among them.
This freedom is no longer defined solely by whether citizens can go into the
town square and criticize their government without fear of retribution. Blogs,
emails, social networks, and text messages have opened up new forums for
exchanging ideas, and created new targets for censorship.
As I speak to you today, government censors somewhere are working furiously to
erase my words from the records of history. But history itself has already condemned
these tactics. Two months ago, I was in
The Berlin Wall symbolized a world divided and it defined an entire era. Today,
remnants of that wall sit inside this museum where they belong, and the new
iconic infrastructure of our age is the internet. Instead of division, it
stands for connection. But even as networks spread to nations around the globe,
virtual walls are cropping up in place of visible walls.
Some countries have erected electronic barriers that prevent
their people from accessing portions of the world’s networks. They’ve expunged
words, names, and phrases from search engine results. They have violated the
privacy of citizens who engage in non-violent political speech. These actions
contravene the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, which tells us that all
people have the right “to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.” With the spread of these
restrictive practices, a new information curtain is descending across much of
the world. And beyond this partition, viral videos and blog posts are becoming
the samizdat of our day.
As in the dictatorships of the past, governments are targeting independent
thinkers who use these tools. In the demonstrations that followed
Now, all societies recognize that free expression has its limits. We do not
tolerate those who incite others to violence, such as the agents of al-Qaida
who are, at this moment, using the internet to promote the mass murder of
innocent people across the world. And hate speech that targets individuals on
the basis of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation is
reprehensible. It is an unfortunate fact that these issues are both growing
challenges that the international community must confront together. And we must
also grapple with the issue of anonymous speech. Those who use the internet to
recruit terrorists or distribute stolen intellectual property cannot divorce
their online actions from their real world identities. But these challenges
must not become an excuse for governments to systematically violate the rights
and privacy of those who use the internet for peaceful political purposes.
The freedom of expression may be the most obvious freedom to face challenges
with the spread of new technologies, but it is not the only one. The freedom of
worship usually involves the rights of individuals to commune or not commune
with their Creator. And that’s one channel of communication that does not rely
on technology. But the freedom of worship also speaks to the universal right to
come together with those who share your values and vision for humanity. In our
history, those gatherings often took place in churches, synagogues, mosques and
temples. Today, they may also take place on line.
The internet can help bridge divides between people of different faiths. As the
President said in
Some nations, however, have co-opted the internet as a tool to target and
silence people of faith. Last year, for example, in
Now, just as these technologies must not be used to punish peaceful political
speech, they must also not be used to persecute or silence religious
minorities. Now, prayers will always travel on higher networks. But connection
technologies like the internet and social networking sites should enhance
individuals’ ability to worship as they see fit, come together with people of
their own faith, and learn more about the beliefs of others. We must work to
advance the freedom of worship online just as we do in other areas of life.
There are, of course, hundreds of millions of people living without the
benefits of these technologies. In our world, as I’ve said many times, talent
may be distributed universally, but opportunity is not. And we know from long
experience that promoting social and economic development in countries where
people lack access to knowledge, markets, capital, and opportunity can be
frustrating and sometimes futile work. In this context, the internet can serve
as a great equalizer. By providing people with access to knowledge and
potential markets, networks can create opportunities where none exist.
Over the last year, I’ve seen this firsthand in Kenya, where farmers have seen
their income grow by as much as 30 percent since they started using mobile
banking technology; in Bangladesh, where more than 300,000 people have signed
up to learn English on their mobile phones; and in Sub-Saharan Africa, where
women entrepreneurs use the internet to get access to microcredit loans and
connect themselves to global markets.
Now, these examples of progress can be replicated in the lives of the billion
people at the bottom of the world’s economic ladder. In many cases, the
internet, mobile phones, and other connection technologies can do for economic
growth what the Green Revolution did for agriculture. You can now generate
significant yields from very modest inputs. And one World Bank study found that
in a typical developing country, a 10 percent increase in the penetration rate
for mobile phones led to an almost 1 percent increase in per capita GDP. To
just put this into context, for
A connection to global information networks is like an on-ramp to modernity. In
the early years of these technologies, many believed that they would divide the
world between haves and have-nots. But that hasn’t happened. There are 4
billion cell phones in use today. Many of them are in the hands of market
vendors, rickshaw drivers, and others who’ve historically lacked access to
education and opportunity. Information networks have become a great leveler,
and we should use them together to help lift people out of poverty and give
them a freedom from want.
Now, we have every reason to be hopeful about what people can
accomplish when they leverage communication networks and connection
technologies to achieve progress. But make no mistake – some are and will
continue to use global information networks for darker purposes. Violent
extremists, criminal cartels, sexual predators, and authoritarian governments
all seek to exploit these global networks. Just as terrorists have taken
advantage of the openness of our societies to carry out their plots, violent
extremists use the internet to radicalize and intimidate. As we work to advance
freedoms, we must also work against those who use communication networks as
tools of disruption and fear.
Governments and citizens must have confidence that the networks at the core of
their national security and economic prosperity are safe and resilient. Now
this is about more than petty hackers who deface websites. Our ability to bank
online, use electronic commerce, and safeguard billions of dollars in
intellectual property are all at stake if we cannot rely on the security of our
information networks.
Disruptions in these systems demand a coordinated response by all governments,
the private sector, and the international community. We need more tools to help
law enforcement agencies cooperate across jurisdictions when criminal hackers
and organized crime syndicates attack networks for financial gain. The same is
true when social ills such as child pornography and the exploitation of
trafficked women and girls online is there for the world to see and for those
who exploit these people to make a profit. We applaud efforts such as the
Council on
We have taken steps as a government, and as a Department, to find diplomatic
solutions to strengthen global cyber security. We have a lot of people in the
State Department working on this. They’ve joined together, and we created two
years ago an office to coordinate foreign policy in cyberspace. We’ve worked to
address this challenge at the UN and in other multilateral forums and to put
cyber security on the world’s agenda. And President Obama has just appointed a
new national cyberspace policy coordinator who will help us work even more
closely to ensure that everyone’s networks stay free, secure, and reliable.
States, terrorists, and those who would act as their proxies must know that the
The final freedom, one that was probably inherent in what both
President and Mrs. Roosevelt thought about and wrote about all those years ago,
is one that flows from the four I’ve already mentioned: the freedom to connect
– the idea that governments should not prevent people from connecting to the
internet, to websites, or to each other. The freedom to connect is like the
freedom of assembly, only in cyberspace. It allows individuals to get online,
come together, and hopefully cooperate. Once you’re on the internet, you don’t
need to be a tycoon or a rock star to have a huge impact on society.
The largest public response to the terrorist attacks in Mumbai
was launched by a 13-year-old boy. He used social networks to organize blood
drives and a massive interfaith book of condolence. In
In
The freedom to connect to these technologies can help transform
societies, but it is also critically important to individuals. I was recently
moved by the story of a doctor – and I won’t tell you what country he was from
– who was desperately trying to diagnose his daughter’s rare medical condition.
He consulted with two dozen specialists, but he still didn’t have an answer.
But he finally identified the condition, and found a cure, by using an internet
search engine. That’s one of the reasons why unfettered access to search engine
technology is so important in individuals’ lives.
Now, the principles I’ve outlined today will guide our approach
in addressing the issue of internet freedom and the use of these technologies.
And I want to speak about how we apply them in practice. The
Realigning our policies and our priorities will not be easy. But
adjusting to new technology rarely is. When the telegraph was introduced, it
was a source of great anxiety for many in the diplomatic community, where the
prospect of receiving daily instructions from capitals was not entirely
welcome. But just as our diplomats eventually mastered the telegraph, they are
doing the same to harness the potential of these new tools as well.
And I’m proud that the State Department is already working in
more than 40 countries to help individuals silenced by oppressive governments.
We are making this issue a priority at the United Nations as well, and we’re
including internet freedom as a component in the first resolution we introduced
after returning to the United Nations Human Rights Council.
We are also supporting the development of new tools that enable citizens to
exercise their rights of free expression by circumventing politically motivated
censorship. We are providing funds to groups around the world to make sure that
those tools get to the people who need them in local languages, and with the
training they need to access the internet safely. The
We want to put these tools in the hands of people who will use them to advance
democracy and human rights, to fight climate change and epidemics, to build
global support for President Obama’s goal of a world without nuclear weapons,
to encourage sustainable economic development that lifts the people at the
bottom up.
That’s why today I’m announcing that over the next year, we will work with
partners in industry, academia, and nongovernmental organizations to establish
a standing effort that will harness the power of connection technologies and
apply them to our diplomatic goals. By relying on mobile phones, mapping
applications, and other new tools, we can empower citizens and leverage our
traditional diplomacy. We can address deficiencies in the current market for
innovation.
Let me give you one example. Let’s say I want to create a mobile phone
application that would allow people to rate government ministries, including
ours, on their responsiveness and efficiency and also to ferret out and report
corruption. The hardware required to make this idea work is already in the
hands of billions of potential users. And the software involved would be
relatively inexpensive to develop and deploy.
If people took advantage of this tool, it would help us target our foreign
assistance spending, improve lives, and encourage foreign investment in
countries with responsible governments. However, right now, mobile application
developers have no financial assistance to pursue that project on their own,
and the State Department currently lacks a mechanism to make it happen. But
this initiative should help resolve that problem and provide long-term
dividends from modest investments in innovation. We’re going to work with
experts to find the best structure for this venture, and we’ll need the talent
and resources of technology companies and nonprofits in order to get the best
results most quickly. So for those of you in the room who have this kind of talent,
expertise, please consider yourselves invited to help us.
In the meantime, there are companies, individuals, and institutions working on
ideas and applications that could already advance our diplomatic and
development objectives. And the State Department will be launching an
innovation competition to give this work an immediate boost. We’ll be asking
Americans to send us their best ideas for applications and technologies that
help break down language barriers, overcome illiteracy, connect people to the services
and information they need. Microsoft, for example, has already developed a
prototype for a digital doctor that could help provide medical care in isolated
rural communities. We want to see more ideas like that. And we’ll work with the
winners of the competition and provide grants to help build their ideas to
scale.
Now, these new initiatives will supplement a great deal of important work we’ve
already done over this past year. In the service of our diplomatic and
diplomacy objectives, I assembled a talented and experienced team to lead our 21st century statecraft efforts. This team has
traveled the world helping governments and groups leverage the benefits of
connection technologies. They have stood up a Civil Society 2.0 Initiative to
help grassroots organizations enter the digital age. They are putting in place
a program in
In a short span, we have taken significant strides to translate the promise of
these technologies into results that make a difference. But there is still so
much more to be done. And as we work together with the private sector and
foreign governments to deploy the tools of 21st century statecraft, we have to remember our
shared responsibility to safeguard the freedoms that I’ve talked about today.
We feel strongly that principles like information freedom aren’t just good
policy, not just somehow connected to our national values, but they are
universal and they’re also good for business.
To use market terminology, a publicly listed company in
Increasingly,
The internet has already been a source of tremendous progress in
Now, ultimately, this issue isn’t just about information freedom; it is about
what kind of world we want and what kind of world we will inhabit. It’s about
whether we live on a planet with one internet, one global community, and a
common body of knowledge that benefits and unites us all, or a fragmented
planet in which access to information and opportunity is dependent on where you
live and the whims of censors.
Information freedom supports the peace and security that provides a foundation
for global progress. Historically, asymmetrical access to information is one of
the leading causes of interstate conflict. When we face serious disputes or
dangerous incidents, it’s critical that people on both sides of the problem
have access to the same set of facts and opinions.
As it stands, Americans can consider information presented by foreign
governments. We do not block your attempts to communicate with the people in
the
For companies, this issue is about more than claiming the moral high ground. It
really comes down to the trust between firms and their customers. Consumers
everywhere want to have confidence that the internet companies they rely on
will provide comprehensive search results and act as responsible stewards of
their own personal information. Firms that earn that confidence of those
countries and basically provide that kind of service will prosper in the global
marketplace. I really believe that those who lose that confidence of their
customers will eventually lose customers. No matter where you live, people want
to believe that what they put into the internet is not going to be used against
them.
And censorship should not be in any way accepted by any company from anywhere.
And in
Now, we are reinvigorating the Global Internet Freedom Task Force as a forum
for addressing threats to internet freedom around the world, and we are urging
We’re also encouraged by the work that’s being done through the Global Network
Initiative, a voluntary effort by technology companies who are working with
nongovernmental organizations, academic experts, and social investment funds to
respond to government requests for censorship. The initiative goes beyond mere
statements of principles and establishes mechanisms to promote real
accountability and transparency. As part of our commitment to support
responsible private sector engagement on information freedom, the State
Department will be convening a high-level meeting next month co-chaired by
Under Secretaries Robert Hormats and Maria Otero to bring together firms that
provide network services for talks about internet freedom, because we want to
have a partnership in addressing this 21st century challenge.
Now, pursuing the freedoms I’ve talked about today is, I believe, the right
thing to do. But I also believe it’s the smart thing to do. By advancing this
agenda, we align our principles, our economic goals, and our strategic
priorities. We need to work toward a world in which access to networks and
information brings people closer together and expands the definition of the
global community. Given the magnitude of the challenges we’re facing, we need
people around the world to pool their knowledge and creativity to help rebuild
the global economy, to protect our environment, to defeat violent extremism,
and build a future in which every human being can live up to and realize his or
her God-given potential.
So let me close by asking you to remember the little girl who was pulled from
the rubble on Monday in
So let us recommit ourselves to this cause. Let us make these technologies a
force for real progress the world over. And let us go forward together to
champion these freedoms for our time, for our young people who deserve every
opportunity we can give them.
Thank you all very much. (Applause.)
http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm