奧地利作曲家 : 安東 .韋伯恩（ Anton von Webern 1883 -1945 )

A. WEBERN - PASSACAGLIA Op. 1

簡介

　　安東 · 馮 · 韋伯恩（ Anton von Webern,1883 年 12 月 3 日 -1945 年 9 月 15 日）：奧地利作曲家，新維也納樂派代表人物之一。 1883 年 12 月 3 日出生於維也納， 1902 年入維也納大學學習音樂學， 1904 年起師從於勳伯格，與勳伯格、貝爾格組成新維也納樂派（或稱第二維也納樂派）。

韋伯恩創作上分三個階段

　　第一階段，晚期浪漫主義音樂：創作風格受古斯塔夫 ? 馬勒等晚期浪漫主義作曲家的影響，主要作品 Op.1 帕薩卡裏亞舞曲。

　　第二階段，自由無調式音樂：在其老師勳伯格的影響下創作了大量無調式音樂，作品的規模越來越小，在配器上簡潔的不能再簡潔，同時韋伯恩的創作開始使用音色序列法，即音色組合在不停地變換中，一個音色組合一般隻持續 1 、 2 秒。主要作品 Op.21 交響曲。

　　第三階段，十二音音樂 : 這一時期韋伯恩除使用十二音作曲技法創作外，還進行了點描主義音樂的嚐試， Op.27 鋼琴變奏曲就是這一時期的代表作。

人物生平

　　由於韋伯恩被納粹分子看成是 “ 一個無法容忍的人 ” ，他的音樂也被看成是 “ 墮落的藝術 ” ，所以在納粹占領奧地利期間，不得不過隱居生活。可笑的是，這位納粹深惡痛絕的作曲家卻死在盟軍的槍口下。 1945 年，他前往薩爾茨堡看望女兒、女婿，在戶外吸煙時，莫名其妙的被一美國士兵槍殺 , 走完了他偉大而荒誕的一生。

　　更可悲可笑的是，生前受盡貧寒和冷嘲的他，死後卻成為了 20 世紀音樂革命的豐碑 .......

　　韋伯恩的影響越來越大。他的許多嚐試被後來的作曲家進一步發展，音色序列法被法國作曲家兼指揮家皮埃爾 · 布萊茲發展為總體序列主義音樂；點描主義音樂首次將無聲視為一種音響與有聲取得相同的地位，極大的啟發了約翰 · 凱奇、卡爾海因茨 · 施托克豪森等作曲家 ....... 最後，被人世間養得白白胖胖的後現代音樂大師們冠以後現代音樂 “ 啟示錄 ” 的桂冠，風頭一度超過在美國領養老金的勳伯格 ......

　　就個人而言，韋伯恩的音樂是一種呐喊，是對這個荒誕世界的控訴與嘲諷 ......

　　加謬說 “ 西西弗斯告訴我們，最高的虔誠是否認諸神並且搬掉石頭。他也認為自己是幸福的。這個從此沒有主宰的世界對他來講既不是荒漠，也不是沃土。這塊巨石上的每一顆粒，這黑黝黝的高山上的每一顆礦砂唯有對西西弗斯才形成一個世界。他爬上山頂所要進行的鬥爭本身就足以使一個人心裏感到充實。應該認為，西西弗斯是幸福的。 ” 安東 · 馮 · 韋伯恩就是那個西西弗斯。

Works with opus numbers

The works with opus numbers are the ones that Webern saw fit to have published in his own lifetime, plus a few late works published after his death. They constitute the main body of his work, although several pieces of juvenilia and a few mature pieces that do not have opus numbers are occasionally performed today.

• Op. 1, Passacaglia for orchestra (1908)
• Op. 2, Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen for a-cappella choir, on a poem by Stefan George (1908)
• Op. 3, Fünf Lieder (Five Songs) for voice and piano, on Der Siebente Ring by Stefan George (1907–08)
• Op. 4, Fünf Lieder for voice and piano, poems by Stefan George (1908–09)
• Op. 5, Five Movements for string quartet (1909); version for string orchestra (1929)
• Op. 6, Six Pieces for large orchestra (1909–10, revised 1928)
• Op. 7, Four Pieces for violin and piano (1910)
• Op. 8, Zwei Lieder (Two Songs) for voice and 8 instruments, on poems by Rainer Maria Rilke (1910)
• Op. 9, Six Bagatelles for string quartet (1913)
• Op. 10, Five Pieces for orchestra (1911–13)
• Op. 11, Three Little Pieces for cello and piano (1914)
• Op. 12, Vier Lieder (Four Songs) for voice and piano (1915–17)
• Op. 13, Vier Lieder for voice and orchestra (1914–18)
• Op. 14, Sechs Lieder (Six Songs) for voice, clarinet, bass clarinet, violin and cello on poems by Georg Trakl (1917–21)
• Op. 15, Five Sacred Songs for voice and small ensemble (1917–22)
• Op. 16, Five Canons for high soprano, clarinet and bass clarinet (1923–24)
• Op. 17, Three Traditional Rhymes for voice, violin (doubling viola), clarinet and bass clarinet(1924)
• Op. 18, Drei Lieder (Three Songs) for voice, E-flat clarinet and guitar (1925)
• Op. 19, Zwei Lieder, for mixed choir, celesta, guitar, violin, clarinet and bass clarinet, on poems by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1926)
• Op. 20, String Trio (1927)
• Op. 21, Symphony (1928)
• Op. 22, Quartet for violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone and piano (1930)
• Op. 23, Drei Lieder for voice and piano, on Hildegard Jone's Viae inviae (1934)
• Op. 24, Concerto for 9 instruments (1934)
• Op. 25, Drei Lieder for voice and piano, on poems by Hildegard Jone (1934–35)
• Op. 26, Das Augenlicht for mixed choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1935)
• Op. 27, Variations for piano (1936)
• Op. 28, String Quartet (1937–38)
• Op. 29, Cantata No. 1 for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1938–39)
• Op. 30, Variations for orchestra (1940)
• Op. 31, Cantata No. 2 for soprano, bass, choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1941–43)

Works without opus numbers

• Two Pieces for cello and piano (1899)
• Three Poems for voice and piano (1899–1902)
• Eight Early Songs for voice and piano (1901–03)
• Three Songs after Ferdinand Avenarius (1903–04)
• Im Sommerwind, idyl for large orchestra after a poem by Bruno Wille (1904)
• Langsamer Satz (Slow Movement) for string quartet (1905)
• String Quartet (1905)
• Piece for piano (1906)
• Rondo for piano (1906)
• Rondo for string quartet (1906)
• Five Songs after Richar Dehmel (1906–08)
• Piano Quintet (1907)
• Four Songs after Stefan George (1908–09)
• Five Pieces for orchestra (1913) - related to op. 10, first pub. 1971, edited by Friedrich Cerha
• Three Songs for voice and orchestra (1913–14)
• Cello Sonata (1914)
• Piece for children for piano (1924)
• Piece for piano, in the tempo of a minuet (1925)
• Piece for string trio (1925)

Arrangements

• "Thränenregen", "Ihr Bild", Romance [from Rosamunde], "Der Wegweiser", and "Du bist die Ruh’", by Franz Schubert, arranged for voice and orchestra (1903)
• Schatzwalzer by Johann Strauss II for string quartet, harmonium, and piano (1921)
• Chamber Symphony No. 1, op. 9, by Arnold Schoenberg, arranged for flute (or violin), clarinet (or viola), piano, violin, and cello (1922–23)
• Arbeiterchor by Franz Liszt, arranged for bass solo, chorus, and orchestra (1924)
• Deutsche Tänze (German Dances) by Schubert (1824), orchestrated by Webern (1931)
• Fuga (Ricercata) a 6 voci [Fugue No. 2] from Johann Sebastian Bach's "Musical Offering", orchestrated (1934–35)
  
  （from baidu and wiki)