船歌（Barcarolle）

船歌（Barcarolle），源自意大利語“barca”，意為“船”，流傳於威尼斯，以6/8或12/8拍寫成的音樂，後泛指按這一體裁寫成的聲樂或器樂曲。雅克·奧芬巴赫的歌劇《霍夫曼的故事》中的船歌〈美麗的夜晚〉和肖邦的鋼琴獨奏曲〈船歌〉（升F大調，作品60號）較為著名。

另外，孟德爾頌《無言歌》（鋼琴獨奏曲集）中的三首〈威尼斯船歌〉（作品19、30及62）及柴科夫斯基《四季》中的〈六月〉，也都很有名。其中，孟德爾頌的作品對有節奏地蕩漾在威尼斯斜陽中、波光淩淩的水麵上的貢多拉的描繪最為生動、迷人。


Arthur Rubinstein - Chopin Barcarolle, Op 60

A barcarole (from French, also barcarolle; originally, Italian barcarola, ; sometimes barcolle) is a folk song sung by Venetian gondoliers, or a piece of music composed in that style. In classical music, two of the most famous barcaroles are those by Jacques Offenbach, from his opera The Tales of Hoffmann and Frédéric Chopin's Barcarole in F sharp major for solo piano.

Description

A barcarole is characterized by a rhythm reminiscent of the gondolier's stroke, almost invariably a moderate tempo 6/8 meter.^[1]

While the most famous barcaroles are from the Romantic period, the genre was well-enough known in the 18th century for Burney to mention, in The Present State of Music in France and Italy (1771), that it was a celebrated form cherished by "collectors of good taste".^[2]

Examples

The barcarole was a popular form in opera, where the apparently artless sentimental style of the folklike song could be put to good use: in addition to the Offenbach example, Paisiello, Weber, and Rossini wrote arias which were barcaroles, Gaetano Donizetti set the Venetian scene at the opening of Marino Faliero (1835) with a barcarole for a gondolier and chorus, and Verdi included a barcarole in Un Ballo in Maschera (i.e., Richard's atmospheric "Di’ tu se fidele il flutto m’aspetta" in Act I).^[2]

Arthur Sullivan set the entry of Sir Joseph Porter's barge (also bearing his sisters, cousins and aunts) in HMS Pinafore to a barcarole. Schubert, while not using the name specifically, used a style reminiscent of the barcarole in some of his most famous songs, including especially his haunting "Auf dem Wasser zu singen" ("to be sung on the water"), D.774.^[2]

Other barcaroles include: the three Venetian gondolier's songs from Songs without Words, opus 19, opus 30 and opus 62 by Felix Mendelssohn; the "June" barcarole from Tchaikovsky's The Seasons; Charles-Valentin Alkan's barcarole from the Op. 65 Troisième recueil de chants; Béla Bartók's "Barcarolla" from Out of Doors; Leonard Bernstein's The Kings' Barcarole from Candide; several examples by Anton Rubinstein, Mily Balakirev, Alexander Glazunov, Edward MacDowell, and Ethelbert Nevin; and most impressively of all, the collection of thirteen by Gabriel Fauré for solo piano.^[2]

In the 20th century, examples include guitarist Agustin Barrios's Julia Florida, the second movement of Villa-Lobos's "Trio no. 2" contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla (1915), and Ned Rorem wrote his Barcaroles in Morocco (1949).