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Alfredo Perl was born in Chile and is best known for his Beethoven. He has performed the Beethoven cycle of sonatas in Santiago, Moscow and London.
Chopin Prelude No.15, Db Major "Raindrop"--Alfredo Perl
(About this video)
一提起肖邦這個名字,人們自然會同時想到女作家喬治·桑。在音樂家傳記作家的筆下,喬治·桑是一個古怪的人,她吸煙、喝烈性酒、著男裝;她風流任性,在與肖邦同居之前有過類似關係的有鋼琴家李斯特、詩人繆塞、孩子的家庭教師;她自私乖戾,與肖邦交往隻是用來裝飾自己,她粗暴的舉止使肖邦無法安心創作並且在39歲時夭亡。然而這隻是一麵之詞,在文學家傳記作者的筆下,肖邦則是一個女性化的男人,他多愁多病,靠著喬治·桑母親般的嗬護活著,這個在鍵盤上淺吟低唱的客廳鋼琴家拖累著喬治?桑,使她在文學的道路上中途而止,沒有攀上最高峰。其實這兩種說法都是偏頗的結論,他們出於感情用事忽略了這樣的事實,即在肖邦與喬治·桑同居的8年裏,肖邦處於他一生中創作的旺盛期,他的著名作品幾乎都在這個時期中寫出;而喬治·桑的幾本重要的小說也都在這幾年中寫出,同肖邦分手以後她從事的主要是社會活動,已經與文學關係不大了。
肖邦從1831年來到巴黎,當時的巴黎既是鋼琴藝術的中心,又堪稱是19世紀浪漫主義運動的中心,一大批藝術家雲集在這裏,巴黎正是肖邦施展才華的地方。
(From http://www.bbtpress.com )
"...There is one that came to him through an evening of dismal rain—it casts the soul into a terrible dejection. Maurice and I had left him in good health one morning to go shopping in Palma for things we needed at our "encampment." The rain came in overflowing torrents. We made three leagues in six hours, only to return in the middle of a flood. We got back in absolute dark, shoeless, having been abandoned by our driver to cross unheard of perils. We hurried, knowing how our sick one would worry. Indeed he had, but now was as though congealed in a kind of quiet desperation, and, weeping, he was playing his wonderful prelude.
Seeing us come in, he got up with a cry, then said with a bewildered air and a strange tone, "Ah, I was sure that you were dead." When he recovered his spirits and saw the state we were in, he was ill, picturing the dangers we had been through, but he confessed to me that while waiting for us he had seen it all in a dream, and no longer distinguishing the dream from reality, he became calm and drowsy.
While playing the piano, persuaded that he was dead himself, he saw himself drown in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might—and he was right to—against the childishness of such aural imitations.
His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds. His composition of that night was surely filled with raindrops, resounding clearly on the tiles of the Charterhouse, but it had been transformed in his imagination and in his song into tears falling upon his heart from the sky....."
- George Sand 喬治·桑
巴黎音樂界很快就開始讚美肖邦,在他的周圍聚集了一群藝術家,包括鋼琴家李斯特。1835年肖邦遇見了他童年時的朋友沃津斯基伯爵一家,對伯爵小姐馬麗亞·沃津斯卡亞的愛情完全占據了肖邦的心。不幸的是肖邦竟因為嚴重的肺病而錯過了這次姻緣,而且身體和精神都遭到嚴重的損傷,隻留下一首使沃津斯卡亞伯爵小姐這個名字至今還有人知道的《告別圓舞曲》。
這次打擊造成了肖邦與喬治·桑增加接觸並自由結合的契機。女作家喬治·桑是一位激進的女權主義者,不僅她的作品,連她的行為方式都有意識地向保守的社會意識示威。經李斯特介紹她認識肖邦以後,喬治·桑從肖邦的鋼琴裏洞悉肖邦的內心世界。當她獨自去拜訪肖邦時,寡言少語的肖邦用鋼琴與喬治·桑交流,他隻要一觸到琴鍵,就好像在滔滔不絕地訴盡生平不快意,喬治·桑從琴聲裏悟出肖邦的情愁與鄉愁。
1838年秋天,肖邦的病情惡化,為了換一個環境為肖邦養病,喬治·桑帶著肖邦和自己的兩個孩子到西班牙的馬約卡島療養。這是個地中海上的島嶼,氣候很好,但是不幸他們住了不久便趕上雨季,肖邦因感冒而病情近一步惡化。島上的居民看到肖邦的樣子,生怕傳染病在島上傳播,便不準他們住在村鎮裏,他們隻好住在山上一座古老的修道院裏。
這所修道院是中世紀的建築,已經很不適宜居住,既透風又漏雨,寒冷潮濕。肖邦住在這樣的地方情況可想而知,在他寫給友人的信中,稱自己已經病入膏肓,甚至將不久於人世。但是從這個時期肖邦的創作來看,情況也許還不至惡化到這種地步。他的《降D大調前奏曲》就是在馬約卡島上寫的。
肖邦與喬治·桑和兩個孩子住到修道院以後,生活用品都由喬治·桑到六公裏以外的市鎮上去采購。有一天喬治·桑去買東西,恰逢天降大雨,阻隔在外不能回來。病中的肖邦獨自躺在家裏,聽著風聲雨聲,又寂寞又擔心,房子漏雨,滴滴答答的水聲令人心煩。肖邦自從與喬治·桑同居以來,生活上事事都由人照料,事實上已離不開喬治·桑的關護,病中客居在海島上古老的修道院裏,風聲雨聲,催人愁腸百結,他索性起身,寫他早在計劃中的《前奏曲集》。屋簷滴落的雨滴聲恰好提供給他一個單音節奏型,就著這個音型,肖邦一口氣寫完了這首著名的前奏曲。
模仿巴赫《十二平均律鋼琴曲集》為鋼琴寫前奏曲,是肖邦早就構思過的計劃。肖邦對巴赫、莫紮特等古典作曲家的音樂非常尊崇。作為鋼琴家,他對巴赫的《平均律鋼琴曲集》更是視為“鋼琴聖經”。他按照《平均律鋼琴曲集》調性研究的思路,一個調一個調排列著寫下去,也寫了24首。所不同的是肖邦隻寫了前奏曲而沒有寫賦格,而巴赫是在賦格前麵前置了前奏曲。
前奏曲是一種自由結構的短曲,15、16世紀就已經有了,到了巴羅克時期發展成賦格、器樂組曲等結構嚴謹的樂曲的引子。19世紀浪漫主義音樂的發展使前奏曲遊離出來,成了獨立的器樂形式,音樂也帶有浪漫色彩。肖邦的24首前奏曲堪稱是浪漫主義的前奏曲的典範,每一首都是形象鮮明的性格小品,樂思簡煉,形式完美,被人稱之為浪浪主義的音樂格言。這些前奏曲後來都被後人加上標題,這些標題雖然不十分準確,有的甚至很牽強地聯係作者的生活經曆,但是從作品的內容來看,也還頗有幾分接近。肖邦在馬約卡島那個雨夜寫的第15首降D大調前奏曲,始終貫穿著持續的同音反複,並伴隨著單調的節奏,有如雨滴落地,被人加上《雨滴》的標題,就很形象。
《雨滴》是肖邦的前奏曲裏流傳甚廣的一首。樂曲的音樂形象雖比較單一,便仍有許多細膩的變化,樂曲十分抒情,歌唱性的旋律伴隨著清純的雨滴聲,仿佛是雨夜裏飄蕩的無言歌,充滿浪漫氣息。
喬治·桑曾給肖邦的前奏曲作了一些文字描寫,這些文字也很美,可以幫助人們了解肖邦當時創作的背景,對理解音樂內容也有所幫助。