·豬鋼鬃·
摘抄學習軍政知識
John S. Service & The Dixie Mission
John Service in Yan'an, China, 1944
John Stewart Service (3 August 1909 - 3 February 1999) was an American diplomat who served in the Foreign Service in China prior to and during the World War II. Considered one of the State Department's "China Hands", he was an important member of the Dixie Mission to Yan'an. In the immediate postwar years, Service was indicted in the Amerasia Affair in 1945, of which a Grand Jury cleared him of wrongdoing.[1] In 1950 U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy launched an attack against Service, which led to investigations of the reports Service wrote while stationed in China. He was fired from the State Department but reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Early life
John Service was born in the city of Chengdu in the Sichuan province of China, on August 3rd, 1909. The son of missionaries working for the Y.M.C.A., Service spent his childhood in the Chinese province.[2] By the age of eleven, Service had mastered the local Chinese dialect and then attended the Shanghai American School for high school. The Service family briefly moved to California, where upon John graduated at the age of fifteen from Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California.
In the fall of 1927, Service entered Oberlin College.[3] He majored in both art history and economics and still found time to be captain of the school's cross-country and track and field teams. After graduation, Service took and passed the Foreign Service Exam in 1933. In 1977 Oberlin awarded him an honorary degree.
Career in China
Service was first assigned to a clerkship position in the American consulate in the capital of the Yunnan province, Kunming. Two years later, Service was promoted to Foreign Service Officer and sent to Beijing for language study. In 1938, he was assigned to the Shanghai Consulate General under Clarence E. Gauss. When Gauss was promoted to ambassador, he made Service Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Chungking. As time progressed, Service was eventually promoted to Second Secretary.
During the war years, Service wrote increasingly critical reports on the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek. This caught the attention of John P. Davies, a Foreign Service Officer working as a diplomatic attaché to General Joseph Stilwell. In the summer of 1943, Davies managed to have Service, among two others, assigned to him to assist him in his duties. When the U.S. Army Observation Group, also known as the Dixie Mission, was formed to travel to the Communist territory, Davies selected John Service to be the first State Department official to visit the region.
The Dixie Mission and Yan'an
John Service arrived in Yan'an, the capital of the Communist Party of China, on July 22, 1944. This had a direct impact on the rest of Service's life. In Yan'an, Service met and interviewed many of the top leaders of the CPC, such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. He sent back many reports over the next four months that were highly positive of the Chinese Communists. At the same time, he continued to write critically of the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek, whom he considered hopelessly corrupt and incompetent. Service and the other American political officers eventually advocated a policy of support for the Communists as well as the Nationalists. They believed a civil war was practically inevitable and that the Communists would triumph in such a struggle. If the U.S. supported the Communists, then the U.S. would be able to work constructively with them when they came to power.
In the event, the new U.S. Ambassador to China, Patrick Hurley, rejected the recommendations of Service and the other Foreign Service officers. A policy of exclusive support for the Nationalists was continued with a mistaken belief that the Communists could not be brought into a unified government. All the political officers, Service included, were recalled from China at Hurley's request. Hurley later blamed them for his diplomatic failures in China.[4]
Post China career
John Service returned to Washington in 1945 and was soon arrested as a suspect in the Amerasia Case. Accused of passing top secret documents to Communist sympathizers at the East Asian affairs magazine, Amerasia, Service was found innocent by a grand jury on a vote of 20 - 0. Five years later, on March 14, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused Service of being a Communist sympathizer in the State Department. Service was cleared of the charges by the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, also known as the Tydings Committee. However, a final review board found "reasonable doubt" as to Service's loyalty, and Secretary of State Dean Acheson ordered his dismissal. In the "red scare" turmoil of the early 1950s, a number of diplomats became scapegoats for the fall of China to the Communists. John P. Davies was also forced out of the State Department.
From 1952 on, Service appealed his dismissal from the State Department and in the meantime worked for a steamtrap company in New York. His case eventually made its way to the Supreme Court, which unanimously voted in his favor.[5] The Court found that Service's dismissal had violated U.S. State Department procedures. The decision did not clear Service of security charges, but explicitly explained that the Department of State's own Loyalty Security Board had found no evidence of Service being disloyal or a security risk.[6] Rather, Service had been fired due to "doubts" towards his loyalty.[7]
Service returned to active duty in the State Department in 1957 but was not given very important assignments. He was first assigned to the transportation division at the State and then posted overseas to the U.S. consultate in Liverpool, England. Sensing that he would not be allowed to advance again as a Foreign Service officer, he retired in 1962. He then pursued a Masters of Arts degree in political science at the University of California, Berkeley. After graduation, Service worked as library curator for the school's Center for Chinese Studies into the 1970's and then served as editor for the center's publications.
In 1971, preceding President Nixon's visit to China, Service was one of a handful of Americans invited back to the country, as relations with the U.S. were normalized. He met again with Zhou Enlai during his visit, and he and his wife Caroline appeared on the cover of Parade Magazine.
On February 3, 1999, John Stewart Service died in Oakland, California.
Service's record in retrospect
Much of what Service and the other officers wrote in the 1940s has been vindicated by the passage of time. Service's appraisal of the nationalists has been supported even by people who criticize Mao. Prior to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War in 1946, Service had accurately predicted the Communists would win the war, thanks to their ability to stamp down on corruption, gain popular support, and to organize grass root organizations.[8] The positive reports he wrote from the Communist headquarters did not, in retrospect, capture the entire story. The cruelty that went with Communist efficiency became known to all during the years Mao was in power. Service hoped that the Communists would adopt free market and democratic reforms if they were pushed in the right direction, with U.S. support. Later in life, Service wrote that he believed an American relationship with the Communists might have even prevented or drastically altered the course of history surrounding the Korean War and Vietnam War.[9] It is difficult to say whether the United States would have been able to foster reform or restraint had the U.S. engaged the Communists in 1944-45, as was recommended by Service. But as the recommendations of Service and others were rejected, it is unfair to blame them for the Communist takeover of China.
References
- Service, John S. (1974). Lost Chance in China: The World War II: Despatches of John S. Service. Random House. ISBN 0394484363.
- Service, John S. (1971). The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US-China Relations. Center for Chinese Studies, University of California.
- Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story. Knopf. ISBN 0679422714.
- Kahn, E. J. (1975). The China Hands : America’s Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140043012.
- Buckley, William F. (1954). McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.
