Fever, How to take a temperature ZT

Definition of Fever

• Rectal temperature above 100.4°F (38.0°C) for an infant younger than 3 months
• Oral temperature above 100.4°F (38°C)
• Axillary (armpit) temperature above 99.0°F (37.2°C) for an infant younger than 3 months; 100°F for an infant/child older than 3 months
• Pacifier temperature above100° F (37.8° C). New digital electronic pacifier thermometers are accurate
• Ear (tympanic) temperature above 100.4°F (38.0° C) (Note: Not reliable for infants less than 6 months old)
• Temporal artery (TA) temperature above 100.4° F (38.0° C)  (Note: more reliable than tympanic thermometers, but not to be used for infants less than 6 months old)

Where to Take the Temperature

Temperatures measured rectally are the most accurate. Temperatures measured orally, by electronic pacifier, or by ear canal are also accurate if done properly.  Temperatures measured in the armpit are the least accurate, but they are better than no measurement.

• Age less than 3 months old (90 days old):
  An armpit temperature is preferred for reasons of safety and is adequate for screening.  If the armpit temperature is more than 99°F (37.2°C), check it with a rectal thermometer. The reason you need to take a rectal temperature for young infants is that if they have a true fever, they need to be evaluated immediately.
  
• Age less than 4 or 5 years old: Taking the temperature with a rectal thermometer is preferred. An axillary (armpit) temperature is adequate for two years old and under if it is taken correctly. An ear thermometer can be used if your child is at least 6 months old.
  
• Age more than 4 or 5 years old:
  Take the temperature orally (by mouth) or by ear thermometer.

How to Take Rectal Temperatures

• Have your child lie stomach down on your lap
• Put some petroleum jelly on the end of the thermometer and on the opening of the anus
• Slide the thermometer gently into the opening of the anus for about 1 inch.  If your child is less than 6 months old, put it in only about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (inserting until the silver tip disappears is about 1/2 inch)
• Hold your child still and leave the thermometer in about 20 seconds with a digital electronic thermometer
• Your child has a fever if the rectal temperature is above 100.4°F (38°C)

How to Take Armpit Temperatures

• Put the tip of the thermometer in an armpit.  Make sure the armpit is dry.
• Close the armpit by holding the elbow against the chest. The tip of the thermometer must be covered by skin. 
• Your child has a fever if the armpit temperature is above 99.0°F (37.2°C).  If you have any doubt, take your child's temperature by rectum.

How to Take Oral Temperatures

• Be sure your child has not had a cold or hot drink in the last 30 minutes.
• Put the tip of the thermometer under one side of the tongue and toward the back.  It's important to put it in the right place.
• Have your child hold the thermometer in place with his lips and fingers (not teeth) for about 30 seconds with a digital electronic thermometer. Keep the lips sealed.
• Your child has a fever if the temperature is above 100.4°F(38°C).

How to Take a Temperature with a Digital Electronic Pacifier Thermometer

• Have your child suck on the pacifier until it reaches a steady-state and you hear a beep
• This usually takes 3 to 4 minutes
• Your child has a fever if the pacifier temperature is above 100° F (37.8° C).

How to Take a Temperature with an Ear Thermometer

• This thermometer reads the infrared heat waves released by the eardrum.
• An accurate temperature depends on pulling the ear backward to straighten the ear canal (back and up if the child is over 1 year old).
• Then aim the tip of the ear probe midway between the opposite eye and earlobe.
• The biggest advantage of this thermometer is that it measures temperatures in less than 2 seconds. It also does not require cooperation by the child and does not cause any discomfort. Limitation: if your child has been outdoors on a cold day, he needs to be inside for 15 minutes before taking the temperature. Earwax, ear infections and ear tubes do not interfere with accurate readings.

How to take a Temporal Temperature

• Remove protective cap before use. Be sure lens is clean.  If not, clean with cotton swab dipped  in alcohol and let dry.
  Gently position the probe flush (flat) on the center of the forehead, midway between the eyebrow and the hairline.  Press and hold the SCAN button.
• Lightly slide the thermometer across the forehead keeping the sensor flat and in contact with the skin until you reach the hairline. 
• You will hear a beep and a red light will blink to indicate a measurement is taking place. 
• Release the Scan button and remove the thermometer from the head.  
• Read the temperature on the display