騎樂無窮
上帝不響。如歌單車。Tune Your Ride. Every Day. Amen.
"Bicycling: Big Brainpower Booster."
Publish Date: 2-Mar-2006
It’s exactly the sort of document that an American think tank would have produced in the year 1900—if they had had think tanks in 1900. It’s from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the leading research institute in the world’s most populous country, and the document is called China Modernization Report 2006.
That imaginary American think tank of a century ago would certainly have predicted massive urbanization and far higher incomes in the United States by 1950, because those trends were already well-established at the time. It might not have forecast that half the American population would own automobiles by 1950, let alone that tens of millions of Americans could afford to travel abroad by then, but a bold forecaster might have done so. And when it all came true, nothing terrible happened as a result.
This time the predictions won’t come true, because terrible things will start to happen long before 2050. This is deeply unfair, because all China wants for its citizens is the same lifestyle that most western countries had achieved by 1950. But they got away with it because they were the first countries to industrialize, and China won’t because it is so big and because it has come so late to the game.
The report, published on February 9, glows with enthusiasm for the predicted rise in Chinese incomes (tenfold by 2050, to $1,300 a month), for the 500 million peasants who will move to the cities, for the 600 million city dwellers who will move out into hi-tech suburban homes. Half of China’s people will own cars and be able to afford overseas travel, the report predicts. But I don’t think so.
The Chinese people deserve prosperity, but they cannot have it in the classic western style. Take the cars alone. Within a decade, China will be the second-largest automobile manufacturer on the planet—but for half the Chinese population to own cars, the world’s total stock of motor vehicles must almost double.
It doesn’t work at the local level (nine of the world’s 10 most polluted cities are already in China), and it doesn’t work at the global level. It is taboo to say so outside of scientific and environmental circles, because the rapid growth of the Chinese and Indian economies is now the main motor driving world economic growth, but it cannot go on like this.
At the beginning of the Second World War, the world had two billion people, of whom about one-quarter lived in industrialized countries—but few of them owned cars or ran air conditioners or travelled abroad. Forty years later, there were four billion people. Those who lived in fully industrialized societies now consumed far more energy and produced far more waste, because a “modern” lifestyle now included cars, meat in most meals, electrical appliances galore, and, for many people, foreign travel, but they were still only a quarter of the population. Total human pressure on the environment? Up fivefold or sixfold in 40 years.
Now the Earth has six-and-a-half billion people and we are still running at a quarter of the human race living in developed countries, so the pressure on the environment is about 10 times what it was in 1940. But the predicted development of China by 2050 (and the comparable growth of India, Brazil, and Russia) will raise the share of the human race living in high-consumption industrial economies to more than half of the global population—which will exceed eight billion by that time. Total human pressure on the environment: perhaps 25 times higher in a single century.
It’s China’s turn, and it’s monstrously unfair that it cannot just follow the same development path that Britain first carved in the late 1800s and all the rest of the West followed in the 1900s. But it can’t. You cannot get away with that style of development any more when the world is already as damaged as it is now.
The most frightening map I have ever seen is one published in James Lovelock’s new book, Revenge of Gaia, that shows what proportion of the Earth’s surface would remain suitable for agriculture if the average global temperature went up by 5°?C (9°?F). None of China is habitable (above desert-population densities) except Manchuria. None of India makes it either, except the foothills of the Himalayas, and none of the United States except the Pacific Northwest.
That is a completely unacceptable outcome of headlong “modernization” in the old style, so the China Modernization Report 2006 is just a fantasy. Somewhere between now and the future it envisages for 2050, the negative consequences of continuing down the present path will become so large and undeniable that the current pattern of development will be abandoned. It may not be abandoned soon enough to avoid terrible consequences for China and the world, but the day will never arrive when half of China’s population owns cars.
On the other hand, the day must arrive when China’s people live as well as Americans, or else there will be hell to pay. So the day may well arrive when more than half of all Americans don’t own cars either. The future, as usual, is not going to be like the present.
Gwynne Dyer is a London-based independent journalist whose articles are published in 45 countries.
