遊遍美國五十州
英語學習內容包括視譯，交替傳譯和同聲傳譯三部分
正文
Lesson Eighteen
Section One: News in Brief
1. Much of the flood-plagued Midwest got more today. Flood rain waters have forced more than 2,000 families out of their homes. Illinois has suffered heavily with 4 deaths and $ 30,000,000 damage blamed on flooding. There are also reports that one man was killed today in Oklahoma when his car was swept off a bridge. A partially-ruptured dam was in Wisconsin and remains standing but leaking, and officials are fearful more rain could cause it to burst.
2. A French television cameraman reported kidnapped in Lebanon on Sunday has been freed according to the French Foreign Ministry. A spokesman says Jean Marc Srucie was released today in the southern suburbs of Beirut and has returned to the Christian east sector the city. No group claimed responsibility for his kidnapping and the Foreign Ministry did not provide any details about his captivity or his return.
3. President Reagan paid tribute today to former president Jimmy Carter during dedication ceremonies for Mr. Carter\'s presidential library near Atlanta. President Reagan, who soundly defeated Carter in the 1980 election, said there was no need to downplay differences between the two men: “Our very differences attest to the greatness of our nation, for I can think of no other where two political leaders could disagree so widely, yet come together in mutual respect.” Mr. Reagan went on to say former President Carter graced the White House with his passion, intellect and commitment. The library was dedicated on Mr. Carter\' sixty-second birthday. And President Reagan advised his predecessor that life begins at seventy.
第一節 簡明新聞
1. 美國中西部今天有更多的地區遭受到水災。雨水導致的洪水已迫使2,000多個家庭被迫離開家園。伊利諾伊州受了嚴重的洪災，有4人死亡，和3千萬美元的損失。另據報道，在俄克拉荷馬州，有一人因其汽車被卷入橋下而死亡。在威斯康星州，一個部分被損毀的大壩雖然還豎立著，但已經漏水，官員們擔心更多的降雨可能導致其垮塌。
2. 根據法國外交部的消息，一名曾被報道過的在貝魯特被綁架的法國電視攝影記者，上周日已被釋放。一名發言人說，讓馬克蘇克瑞今天在貝魯特南郊被釋放，並已回到了位於城市東部的基督教區。沒有任何組織聲稱對他的綁架負責；外交部沒有提供任何他被綁架和被放回的細節說明。
3. 今天，裏根總統在位於亞特蘭大附近的前總統吉米卡特的卡特總統圖書館捐贈儀式上致感謝辭。在1980年的選舉中徹底擊敗卡特的裏根總統說，沒有必要淡化兩個人之間的分歧：“我們之間巨大的分歧表明了我們民族的偉大，因為我想不出其他哪個地方會有兩個政治領導人，即使存在著巨大的分歧，但還能夠走到一起，而且互相尊重。”裏根先生接著說，前總統卡特先生將他的熱情，智慧和決心賦予給了白宮。圖書館是在卡特先生六十二歲生日時捐贈的。裏根總統對他的前任建議到，生活在70歲時才剛剛開始。
卡特總統圖書館
Section Two: News in Detail
There was more rain in the Midwest today, where several states are facing rising flood waters. Thousands of people in Illinois and Wisconsin have been forced from their homes. And in Oklahoma, the State National Guard was called upon to rescue stranded homeowners who had been cut off and trapped. In northeastern Illinois, the floods follow 5 straight days of heavy rain. Cheryl Coralie of member station, WBEZ, reports that the governor of Illinois was on the scene with a promise for the people:
“They\'re coming. They\'re coming. They\'re on the way.” During his tour of the damaged areas, Illinois governor, James Thompson, tried to buoy the spirits of weary residents, alerting them that much coveted sandbags were on the way. Three northern and western counties near Chicago, hard hit by storms, have seen the burgeoning Foy and Desplaines Rivers spill into their streets, their garages and, ultimately, their homes.
Residents and authorities had been pinning their hopes sandbagging. Public works trucks line up to load sand onto their flatbeds. The US Army Corps of Engineers with state officials today are distributing a quarter million of the bags to communities stricken or threatened by ever expanding flood waters. But for some residents, even the sandbags have failed.
“The water, from flowing this way, went through and by the pressure finally knocked the sandbags over. And, within a matter of a minute, every wall came down, and I was standing in water this deep.”
State emergency officials say the state could suffer $ 30,000,000 in damages and what is one of Illinois\' worst flooding disasters. Most residents have been trying to tough it out, but rescue worker, Dave Besh, says that\'s changing:
“I know there\'s people calling up now that refused evacuation yesterday, that are calling here now, getting hold of our trucks verbally because their phones are out, that want to be evacuated now and they\'re trying to get the boats to get them out of there.”
The floods have driven more than 2,000 people from their homes. They have also forced road closures and businesses and schools to shut down. In Gurney, Illinois, the elementary school classrooms sit under 5 feet of water and Gurney Deputy Fire Chief, Tim McGrath, says there\'s little that can be done.
“We know we\'re going to displace. We know that we\'re going to sustain more loss. There\'s no way of confining the river, of course, there\'s no controlling the river.”
Today, Governor Thompson declared a number of additional community state disaster areas, setting up the first step for Federal help. The rainy weather forecast is not of much comfort, and some weary workers and homeowners say the only thing left to do now is waiting until the flooding passes and put everything back together again.
For National Public Radio, I\'m Cheryl Coralie in Chicago.
美國中西部洪澇災害
第二節 詳細新聞 美國中西部地區洪水泛濫成災
今天中西部地區降雨更多，數個州正麵臨著不斷上漲的洪水。在伊利諾伊州和威斯康星州，數千人被迫逃離家園。而在俄克拉荷馬州，國民警衛隊奉命拯救被衝垮的道路和被（大水）圍困的房主。在伊利諾伊州東北部，洪水隨著連續5天的大雨上漲。（NPR）成員台WBEZ（Chicago Public Radio芝加哥廣播電台）的謝裏爾科瑞利報道說，伊利諾伊州州長在現場向人們做出承諾：
“他們來了。他們來了。他們正在路上了”。在受災地區巡視期間，伊利諾伊州州長詹姆斯湯普森，試圖喚起已身心疲倦的居民的精神，提醒他們多準備好路上的沙袋。芝加哥附近北部和西部的三個縣深受風暴的嚴重侵襲，不斷上漲的福伊河與德斯普萊恩斯河河水，先是漫過他們的街道，他們的車庫，最終是他們的家園。
當地居民和政府正在縫製他們寄予希望的沙袋。公共工程車輛成排地往平板車上裝沙子。美國陸軍工程兵部隊與州府官員今天分發了25萬個袋子給受災社區，用以抵抗不斷上漲的洪水威脅。但是，對於部分居民來說沙袋已經沒有用了。
“水從這個方向漫經來，這樣流並且由於壓力最終衝倒沙袋。在1分鍾內所有的防水牆都倒了，我當時就站在這樣深的水裏。”
國家緊急情況部官員說，全州這次可能損失3千萬美元，是伊利諾伊州曆史上最嚴重的洪災之一。大部分居民一直在試圖堅決抗爭，但救援人員，戴夫本斯說，那已經有所改變：
“據我所知，現在昨天拒絕撤離那裏的人在呼叫，他們站在我們的卡車上用嘴呼喊，因為電話已經斷了，他們想疏散，他們現在正試圖用船把他們撤出來。”
洪水已使2000多人逃離家園。他們還被迫封閉了道路，企業和關閉學校。在伊利諾伊州的格尼，小學教室浸在5英尺深的水下，格尼消防局副局長，蒂姆麥格拉思說：“我們能做的就這麽多了。”
“我們知道我們會撤離。我們知道，我們會遭到更多的損失。目前沒有辦法控製河流，當然了就沒有能控製得住的河流。”
今天，省長湯普森宣布了一些新的受災社區，（意味著）邁出了向聯邦求助的第一步。多雨的天氣預報沒有帶來太多的安慰，有些疲憊的人員和業主說，現在唯一可以做的就是等待，直到洪水過後，再一起把所有東西放回原位。
全國公共廣播公司謝裏爾科瑞利的報道
中西部某市鎮的救援人員正在用沙袋阻擋漫入居民區的洪水（2008）
Section Three: Special Report
Fast food restaurants have made some Americans rich. It\'s been more than 30 years since the first McDonald’s opened, and this nation\'s eating habits have been transformed by fast food. Today, we spend over $50,000,000,000 a year on Whopper\'s Big Macs and the Colonel\'s Fried Chicken. The key is convenience. The ignored factor is nutrition. That\'s something Michael Jacobson cares about. He\'s written a Fast Food Guide to tell consumers what\'s under the bun. As far as hamburgers go, Jacobson says one chain\'s burger is as good nutritional as the next.
“Each chain has a variety of hamburgers: singles, doubles, triples; in some restaurants, cheeseburger, bacon-burger, mushroom burgers, and generally, when they start gussying up the hamburger with the toppings, you\'re going to get more fat, more salt, and less nutritious product.”
“So you think you shouldn\'t be so concerned with which chain it is you\'re eating at as far as the burger, but rather whether you\'re getting the simple, naked burger, or the burger with all the fillings on it. That\'s where a lot of the fat comes in.”
“For instance, at Wendy\'s, you can just get a regular little hamburger, which has about 4 teaspoons of fat, or you can get then triple cheeseburger with 15 teaspoons of fat, and that\'s a tremendous difference. I think the message for hamburgers and many other fast foods is to keep it simple, keep it small.”
“Is the meat that\'s used in most of these chains fattier than what I\'d buy if I went to the butcher and bought meat?”
“We actually had these meats analyzed, and we found they were pretty average. It was an ordinary grade hamburger meat for most of the chains. You can get much leaner meat at the grocery store, or if you get ground round. If you want red meat and you want to eat at a fast food restaurant, I recommend going for the roast beef. All roast beef was leaner than all hamburger meat in the tests we conducted. Now this does differ from chain to chain because, for instance, the Roy Roger\'s roast beef, you have listed as having 2% fat whereas Arby\'s roast beef, 13%.
“The differences in roast beef are really remarkable. Arby\'s and Hardy\'s have 7 times as much fat as Roy Roger\'s. Also, Roy Roger\'s had real roast beef, whereas Arby”s has kind of a composite roast beef, where the beef is chipped and scrunched together with sodium phosphate and other chemicals.”
“It is impossible now to watch TV without seeing commercials for chicken nuggets from one chain or another. What are chicken nuggets made out of?”
“Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s, probably the original chicken nuggets, are not whole pieces of chicken. Rather it\'s composite chicken made with ground-up chicken skin held together with sodium phosphate and salt. It\'s a relatively fatty product, about 5 teaspoons of fat for a small order of McNuggets. The competition at, say, Burger King, which makes chicken tenders, uses real chicken. And the fat content partly because it doesn\'t have ground tip chicken skin in it, is much lower, about 2 teaspoons for a small order of chicken tenders.”
“Chicken is a food that is highly recommended by people who are very calorie conscious and are very fat conscious, because it\'s a food low in fat. But once you get the chicken and you deep fire* it, as they do at all the fast food chains, is it still a nutritionally good food?”
“Well, chicken products tend to have less fat than beef products partly because the fat stays on the outside. If you\'re getting fried chicken, you ought to take off the skin, take off the breading. That\'s where most of the fat, most of the sodium are. So you can turn kind of a mediocre product into really quite a nutritious product.”
“If the fast food industry came to you for advice about how they could nutritionally improve their menus, what would you tell them?”
“Fresh fruit, low-fat diary products, low-fat or skim milk, keep up those salad bars, baked fish, baked chicken, and that lean roast beef. It is possible to offer nutritious tasty foods at a fast food restaurant, and I hope that the chains are moving in the right direction with the proliferation of salad, salad bars, and the like.”
In Washington, Michael Jacobson, Director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
第三節 特別報道 訪問公共利益科學中心主任米歇爾傑克布森－談美國的快餐
快餐店已經讓一些美國人發了財。自第一家麥當勞店開業已經30年了，這個國度的飲食習慣已經被快餐所改變。今天，我們每年花費超過500億美元在華堡的巨無霸和上校的炸雞上。關鍵就是方便。而被忽略的因素是營養。這是邁克爾雅各布森所關心的。他寫了本《快餐指南》告訴消費者，麵包下麵的是什麽。根據漢堡包的演變，雅各布森說，一個連鎖店的漢堡包就像下一個那樣有營養。
“每一個連鎖店都有不同種類的漢堡包：單層的，雙層的，三層的；在一些餐館供應奶酪漢堡，熏肉漢堡，蘑菇漢堡和一般品種的，當他們開始變化著漢堡包的澆頭時，你會攝入更多的脂肪，更多的鹽，和少量的營養。”
“那麽你認為你不應該關心哪個連鎖店的漢堡包你是一直在吃的，而是你吃的簡易的，光溜的漢堡包，或者添加了所有餡料的漢堡。就是大量的脂肪來源之處。”
“例如，在溫迪連鎖店，你可以得到要一個普通的小漢堡，含有約4匙的脂肪，或者你可要一份含有15 匙脂肪的三重漢堡，這是一個巨大的差別。我覺得對漢堡和其它快餐的建議就是，使其簡單而少量。”
“是這些連鎖店用的肉比我要買的，比如是屠宰的肉要肥嗎？”
“事實上，我們分析過這些肉，我們發現它們相當普通。這是一個普通的檔次的為大多數連鎖店選用的肉。你可以在雜貨店或地攤上買到更為精細的肉。如果你又想吃紅肉又想吃快餐，我推薦去吃烤牛肉。我們得出的結論，所有的烤牛肉比所有的漢堡包用肉要更精細。” 現在看來，連鎖店與連鎖店間確實存在著不同，例如，羅伊羅傑店的烤牛肉，你列出的含有2％的脂肪，而阿貝店的烤牛肉卻有13％。
“烤牛肉之間的差異非常顯著。阿貝的和哈代店的有7倍於羅伊羅傑斯店的脂肪含量。此外，羅伊羅傑斯店有真正的烤牛肉，而阿貝店有一種複合型烤牛肉，牛肉被片開加上磷酸鈉和其他化學品揉在一起。”
“現在看電視不可能看不到一家又一家的連鎖店的雞塊廣告。雞塊是怎麽做出來的？”
“麥當勞的麥樂雞，可能是原雞肉的塊，而不是整塊的雞肉。實際上是複合雞肉，用走地雞的皮加入磷酸鈉和鹽拌在一起。這是個複含脂肪的食品。一小份麥樂雞就含約5茶匙的脂肪。在競爭上，漢堡王店說，做雞柳時（他們）用的是真正的雞肉。而部分是含有脂肪的，因為它不含地走雞的皮，一小份雞柳的脂肪含量非常低，隻有差不多2匙的含量。”
“雞肉是被那些非常注意熱量和注意脂肪的人們極力推薦的食品，因為它是低脂肪食品。一旦你油炸了它，就像所有快餐連鎖店做快餐一樣，它還是個很好的營養食品嗎？”
“嗯，雞肉產品的脂肪含量往往小於部分牛肉產品的所含的，因為脂肪都儲存在外部。如果您拿到炸雞後，你應該撕下雞皮，去掉麵包糠（炸雞粉）。那裏含有大量的脂肪，大部分的鈉的部位。這樣，你可以轉而（吃到）一些平平常常的但相當有營養的食品。”
“如果快餐業的人來找你，要你幫著出些如何改善他們的營養食譜的忠告，你會怎麽對他們說呢？”
“新鮮水果，低脂的日常食品，低脂或脫脂牛奶，把這些放在沙拉吧上，還有烤魚，烤雞肉，烤牛肉。這使得快餐店提供營養可口的食品成為可能，我希望連鎖店能夠轉向正確的方向，增加沙拉，沙拉吧等等。”
這裏是華盛頓，公共利益科學中心主任米歇爾傑克布森。
吃快餐長大的美國兒童
Section One: News in Brief
1. Much of the flood-plagued Midwest got more today. Flood rain waters have forced more than 2,000 families out of their homes. Illinois has suffered heavily with 4 deaths and $ 30,000,000 damage blamed on flooding. There are also reports that one man was killed today in Oklahoma when his car was swept off a bridge. A partially-ruptured dam was in Wisconsin and remains standing but leaking, and officials are fearful more rain could cause it to burst.
2. A French television cameraman reported kidnapped in Lebanon on Sunday has been freed according to the French Foreign Ministry. A spokesman says Jean Marc Srucie was released today in the southern suburbs of Beirut and has returned to the Christian east sector the city. No group claimed responsibility for his kidnapping and the Foreign Ministry did not provide any details about his captivity or his return.
3. President Reagan paid tribute today to former president Jimmy Carter during dedication ceremonies for Mr. Carter\'s presidential library near Atlanta. President Reagan, who soundly defeated Carter in the 1980 election, said there was no need to downplay differences between the two men: “Our very differences attest to the greatness of our nation, for I can think of no other where two political leaders could disagree so widely, yet come together in mutual respect.” Mr. Reagan went on to say former President Carter graced the White House with his passion, intellect and commitment. The library was dedicated on Mr. Carter\' sixty-second birthday. And President Reagan advised his predecessor that life begins at seventy.
第一節 簡明新聞
1. 美國中西部今天有更多的地區遭受到水災。雨水導致的洪水已迫使2,000多個家庭被迫離開家園。伊利諾伊州受了嚴重的洪災，有4人死亡，和3千萬美元的損失。另據報道，在俄克拉荷馬州，有一人因其汽車被卷入橋下而死亡。在威斯康星州，一個部分被損毀的大壩雖然還豎立著，但已經漏水，官員們擔心更多的降雨可能導致其垮塌。
2. 根據法國外交部的消息，一名曾被報道過的在貝魯特被綁架的法國電視攝影記者，上周日已被釋放。一名發言人說，讓馬克蘇克瑞今天在貝魯特南郊被釋放，並已回到了位於城市東部的基督教區。沒有任何組織聲稱對他的綁架負責；外交部沒有提供任何他被綁架和被放回的細節說明。
3. 今天，裏根總統在位於亞特蘭大附近的前總統吉米卡特的卡特總統圖書館捐贈儀式上致感謝辭。在1980年的選舉中徹底擊敗卡特的裏根總統說，沒有必要淡化兩個人之間的分歧：“我們之間巨大的分歧表明了我們民族的偉大，因為我想不出其他哪個地方會有兩個政治領導人，即使存在著巨大的分歧，但還能夠走到一起，而且互相尊重。”裏根先生接著說，前總統卡特先生將他的熱情，智慧和決心賦予給了白宮。圖書館是在卡特先生六十二歲生日時捐贈的。裏根總統對他的前任建議到，生活在70歲時才剛剛開始。
卡特總統圖書館
Section Two: News in Detail
There was more rain in the Midwest today, where several states are facing rising flood waters. Thousands of people in Illinois and Wisconsin have been forced from their homes. And in Oklahoma, the State National Guard was called upon to rescue stranded homeowners who had been cut off and trapped. In northeastern Illinois, the floods follow 5 straight days of heavy rain. Cheryl Coralie of member station, WBEZ, reports that the governor of Illinois was on the scene with a promise for the people:
“They\'re coming. They\'re coming. They\'re on the way.” During his tour of the damaged areas, Illinois governor, James Thompson, tried to buoy the spirits of weary residents, alerting them that much coveted sandbags were on the way. Three northern and western counties near Chicago, hard hit by storms, have seen the burgeoning Foy and Desplaines Rivers spill into their streets, their garages and, ultimately, their homes.
Residents and authorities had been pinning their hopes sandbagging. Public works trucks line up to load sand onto their flatbeds. The US Army Corps of Engineers with state officials today are distributing a quarter million of the bags to communities stricken or threatened by ever expanding flood waters. But for some residents, even the sandbags have failed.
“The water, from flowing this way, went through and by the pressure finally knocked the sandbags over. And, within a matter of a minute, every wall came down, and I was standing in water this deep.”
State emergency officials say the state could suffer $ 30,000,000 in damages and what is one of Illinois\' worst flooding disasters. Most residents have been trying to tough it out, but rescue worker, Dave Besh, says that\'s changing:
“I know there\'s people calling up now that refused evacuation yesterday, that are calling here now, getting hold of our trucks verbally because their phones are out, that want to be evacuated now and they\'re trying to get the boats to get them out of there.”
The floods have driven more than 2,000 people from their homes. They have also forced road closures and businesses and schools to shut down. In Gurney, Illinois, the elementary school classrooms sit under 5 feet of water and Gurney Deputy Fire Chief, Tim McGrath, says there\'s little that can be done.
“We know we\'re going to displace. We know that we\'re going to sustain more loss. There\'s no way of confining the river, of course, there\'s no controlling the river.”
Today, Governor Thompson declared a number of additional community state disaster areas, setting up the first step for Federal help. The rainy weather forecast is not of much comfort, and some weary workers and homeowners say the only thing left to do now is waiting until the flooding passes and put everything back together again.
For National Public Radio, I\'m Cheryl Coralie in Chicago.
美國中西部洪澇災害
第二節 詳細新聞 美國中西部地區洪水泛濫成災
今天中西部地區降雨更多，數個州正麵臨著不斷上漲的洪水。在伊利諾伊州和威斯康星州，數千人被迫逃離家園。而在俄克拉荷馬州，國民警衛隊奉命拯救被衝垮的道路和被（大水）圍困的房主。在伊利諾伊州東北部，洪水隨著連續5天的大雨上漲。（NPR）成員台WBEZ（Chicago Public Radio芝加哥廣播電台）的謝裏爾科瑞利報道說，伊利諾伊州州長在現場向人們做出承諾：
“他們來了。他們來了。他們正在路上了”。在受災地區巡視期間，伊利諾伊州州長詹姆斯湯普森，試圖喚起已身心疲倦的居民的精神，提醒他們多準備好路上的沙袋。芝加哥附近北部和西部的三個縣深受風暴的嚴重侵襲，不斷上漲的福伊河與德斯普萊恩斯河河水，先是漫過他們的街道，他們的車庫，最終是他們的家園。
當地居民和政府正在縫製他們寄予希望的沙袋。公共工程車輛成排地往平板車上裝沙子。美國陸軍工程兵部隊與州府官員今天分發了25萬個袋子給受災社區，用以抵抗不斷上漲的洪水威脅。但是，對於部分居民來說沙袋已經沒有用了。
“水從這個方向漫經來，這樣流並且由於壓力最終衝倒沙袋。在1分鍾內所有的防水牆都倒了，我當時就站在這樣深的水裏。”
國家緊急情況部官員說，全州這次可能損失3千萬美元，是伊利諾伊州曆史上最嚴重的洪災之一。大部分居民一直在試圖堅決抗爭，但救援人員，戴夫本斯說，那已經有所改變：
“據我所知，現在昨天拒絕撤離那裏的人在呼叫，他們站在我們的卡車上用嘴呼喊，因為電話已經斷了，他們想疏散，他們現在正試圖用船把他們撤出來。”
洪水已使2000多人逃離家園。他們還被迫封閉了道路，企業和關閉學校。在伊利諾伊州的格尼，小學教室浸在5英尺深的水下，格尼消防局副局長，蒂姆麥格拉思說：“我們能做的就這麽多了。”
“我們知道我們會撤離。我們知道，我們會遭到更多的損失。目前沒有辦法控製河流，當然了就沒有能控製得住的河流。”
今天，省長湯普森宣布了一些新的受災社區，（意味著）邁出了向聯邦求助的第一步。多雨的天氣預報沒有帶來太多的安慰，有些疲憊的人員和業主說，現在唯一可以做的就是等待，直到洪水過後，再一起把所有東西放回原位。
全國公共廣播公司謝裏爾科瑞利的報道
中西部某市鎮的救援人員正在用沙袋阻擋漫入居民區的洪水（2008）
Section Three: Special Report
Fast food restaurants have made some Americans rich. It\'s been more than 30 years since the first McDonald’s opened, and this nation\'s eating habits have been transformed by fast food. Today, we spend over $50,000,000,000 a year on Whopper\'s Big Macs and the Colonel\'s Fried Chicken. The key is convenience. The ignored factor is nutrition. That\'s something Michael Jacobson cares about. He\'s written a Fast Food Guide to tell consumers what\'s under the bun. As far as hamburgers go, Jacobson says one chain\'s burger is as good nutritional as the next.
“Each chain has a variety of hamburgers: singles, doubles, triples; in some restaurants, cheeseburger, bacon-burger, mushroom burgers, and generally, when they start gussying up the hamburger with the toppings, you\'re going to get more fat, more salt, and less nutritious product.”
“So you think you shouldn\'t be so concerned with which chain it is you\'re eating at as far as the burger, but rather whether you\'re getting the simple, naked burger, or the burger with all the fillings on it. That\'s where a lot of the fat comes in.”
“For instance, at Wendy\'s, you can just get a regular little hamburger, which has about 4 teaspoons of fat, or you can get then triple cheeseburger with 15 teaspoons of fat, and that\'s a tremendous difference. I think the message for hamburgers and many other fast foods is to keep it simple, keep it small.”
“Is the meat that\'s used in most of these chains fattier than what I\'d buy if I went to the butcher and bought meat?”
“We actually had these meats analyzed, and we found they were pretty average. It was an ordinary grade hamburger meat for most of the chains. You can get much leaner meat at the grocery store, or if you get ground round. If you want red meat and you want to eat at a fast food restaurant, I recommend going for the roast beef. All roast beef was leaner than all hamburger meat in the tests we conducted. Now this does differ from chain to chain because, for instance, the Roy Roger\'s roast beef, you have listed as having 2% fat whereas Arby\'s roast beef, 13%.
“The differences in roast beef are really remarkable. Arby\'s and Hardy\'s have 7 times as much fat as Roy Roger\'s. Also, Roy Roger\'s had real roast beef, whereas Arby”s has kind of a composite roast beef, where the beef is chipped and scrunched together with sodium phosphate and other chemicals.”
“It is impossible now to watch TV without seeing commercials for chicken nuggets from one chain or another. What are chicken nuggets made out of?”
“Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s, probably the original chicken nuggets, are not whole pieces of chicken. Rather it\'s composite chicken made with ground-up chicken skin held together with sodium phosphate and salt. It\'s a relatively fatty product, about 5 teaspoons of fat for a small order of McNuggets. The competition at, say, Burger King, which makes chicken tenders, uses real chicken. And the fat content partly because it doesn\'t have ground tip chicken skin in it, is much lower, about 2 teaspoons for a small order of chicken tenders.”
“Chicken is a food that is highly recommended by people who are very calorie conscious and are very fat conscious, because it\'s a food low in fat. But once you get the chicken and you deep fire* it, as they do at all the fast food chains, is it still a nutritionally good food?”
“Well, chicken products tend to have less fat than beef products partly because the fat stays on the outside. If you\'re getting fried chicken, you ought to take off the skin, take off the breading. That\'s where most of the fat, most of the sodium are. So you can turn kind of a mediocre product into really quite a nutritious product.”
“If the fast food industry came to you for advice about how they could nutritionally improve their menus, what would you tell them?”
“Fresh fruit, low-fat diary products, low-fat or skim milk, keep up those salad bars, baked fish, baked chicken, and that lean roast beef. It is possible to offer nutritious tasty foods at a fast food restaurant, and I hope that the chains are moving in the right direction with the proliferation of salad, salad bars, and the like.”
In Washington, Michael Jacobson, Director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
第三節 特別報道 訪問公共利益科學中心主任米歇爾傑克布森－談美國的快餐
快餐店已經讓一些美國人發了財。自第一家麥當勞店開業已經30年了，這個國度的飲食習慣已經被快餐所改變。今天，我們每年花費超過500億美元在華堡的巨無霸和上校的炸雞上。關鍵就是方便。而被忽略的因素是營養。這是邁克爾雅各布森所關心的。他寫了本《快餐指南》告訴消費者，麵包下麵的是什麽。根據漢堡包的演變，雅各布森說，一個連鎖店的漢堡包就像下一個那樣有營養。
“每一個連鎖店都有不同種類的漢堡包：單層的，雙層的，三層的；在一些餐館供應奶酪漢堡，熏肉漢堡，蘑菇漢堡和一般品種的，當他們開始變化著漢堡包的澆頭時，你會攝入更多的脂肪，更多的鹽，和少量的營養。”
“那麽你認為你不應該關心哪個連鎖店的漢堡包你是一直在吃的，而是你吃的簡易的，光溜的漢堡包，或者添加了所有餡料的漢堡。就是大量的脂肪來源之處。”
“例如，在溫迪連鎖店，你可以得到要一個普通的小漢堡，含有約4匙的脂肪，或者你可要一份含有15 匙脂肪的三重漢堡，這是一個巨大的差別。我覺得對漢堡和其它快餐的建議就是，使其簡單而少量。”
“是這些連鎖店用的肉比我要買的，比如是屠宰的肉要肥嗎？”
“事實上，我們分析過這些肉，我們發現它們相當普通。這是一個普通的檔次的為大多數連鎖店選用的肉。你可以在雜貨店或地攤上買到更為精細的肉。如果你又想吃紅肉又想吃快餐，我推薦去吃烤牛肉。我們得出的結論，所有的烤牛肉比所有的漢堡包用肉要更精細。” 現在看來，連鎖店與連鎖店間確實存在著不同，例如，羅伊羅傑店的烤牛肉，你列出的含有2％的脂肪，而阿貝店的烤牛肉卻有13％。
“烤牛肉之間的差異非常顯著。阿貝的和哈代店的有7倍於羅伊羅傑斯店的脂肪含量。此外，羅伊羅傑斯店有真正的烤牛肉，而阿貝店有一種複合型烤牛肉，牛肉被片開加上磷酸鈉和其他化學品揉在一起。”
“現在看電視不可能看不到一家又一家的連鎖店的雞塊廣告。雞塊是怎麽做出來的？”
“麥當勞的麥樂雞，可能是原雞肉的塊，而不是整塊的雞肉。實際上是複合雞肉，用走地雞的皮加入磷酸鈉和鹽拌在一起。這是個複含脂肪的食品。一小份麥樂雞就含約5茶匙的脂肪。在競爭上，漢堡王店說，做雞柳時（他們）用的是真正的雞肉。而部分是含有脂肪的，因為它不含地走雞的皮，一小份雞柳的脂肪含量非常低，隻有差不多2匙的含量。”
“雞肉是被那些非常注意熱量和注意脂肪的人們極力推薦的食品，因為它是低脂肪食品。一旦你油炸了它，就像所有快餐連鎖店做快餐一樣，它還是個很好的營養食品嗎？”
“嗯，雞肉產品的脂肪含量往往小於部分牛肉產品的所含的，因為脂肪都儲存在外部。如果您拿到炸雞後，你應該撕下雞皮，去掉麵包糠（炸雞粉）。那裏含有大量的脂肪，大部分的鈉的部位。這樣，你可以轉而（吃到）一些平平常常的但相當有營養的食品。”
“如果快餐業的人來找你，要你幫著出些如何改善他們的營養食譜的忠告，你會怎麽對他們說呢？”
“新鮮水果，低脂的日常食品，低脂或脫脂牛奶，把這些放在沙拉吧上，還有烤魚，烤雞肉，烤牛肉。這使得快餐店提供營養可口的食品成為可能，我希望連鎖店能夠轉向正確的方向，增加沙拉，沙拉吧等等。”
這裏是華盛頓，公共利益科學中心主任米歇爾傑克布森。
吃快餐長大的美國兒童
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