約翰·洛克的教育思想(中英對照)-10: 導師

TUTOR | If a tutor can be got, that, thinking himself in his father’s place, charged with his care, and relishing these things, will at the beginning apply himself to put them in practice, he will afterwards find his work very easy: and you will, I guess, have your son in a little time a greater proficient in both learning and breeding, than perhaps you imagine. But let him by no means beat him, at any time, without your consent and direction: at least till you have experience of his discretion and temper. But yet, to keep up his authority with his pupil, besides concealing that he has not the power of the rod, you must be sure to use him with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too. For you cannot expect your son should have any regard for one, whom he sees you, or his mother, or others slight. If you think him worthy of contempt, you have chosen amiss; and if you show any contempt of him, he will hardly escape it from your son: and whenever that happens, whatever worth he may have in himself, and abilities for this employment, they are all lost to your child, and can afterwards never be made useful to him.

導師 |  假如你能找到到一個導師，他能從為人父親的位置著想，擔當起做父親的責任，喜歡這些事情，能從開始就努力去把它們付諸實踐，他日後就會發現他的工作是很容易；而且我猜你會發現短時間內你的兒子在學習與教養兩方麵都取得意外的成就。但是沒有你的同意與指導，導師在任何時候不能用任何方式打小孩；至少要等到你明了他的判斷力與脾性以後。然而為保持他對學生的權威，除了隱藏他沒有鞭打的權力以外，你自己必須要對他非常尊敬，而且要讓全家人同樣尊敬他。因為你不能期待你的兒子尊重一個父母與別人都輕視的人。假如你認為他應受輕視，那你就選錯人了；假如你對他有任何輕視的表現，他同樣逃不了你兒子的輕視：一旦這情形發生了，無論導師自己多麽有價值，無論他做導師多麽有能力，這對你小孩來說都完結了，以後對他也不再有任何用處。

As the father's example must teach the child respect for his tutor; so the tutor's example must lead the child into those actions he would have him do. His practice must by no means cross his precepts, unless he intend to set him wrong. It will be to no purpose for the tutor to talk of the restraint of the passions, whilst any of his own are let loose: and he will in vain endeavour to reform any vice or indecency in his pupil, which he allows in himself. Ill patterns are sure to be followed more than good rules: and therefore he must also carefully preserve him from the influence of ill precedents, especially the most dangerous of all, the examples of the servants; from whose company he is to be kept, not by prohibitions, for that will but give him an itch after it, but by other ways I have mentioned.

父親應當以身作則教導小孩尊敬導師；導師也應以身作則引導小孩去做他希望小孩做的事情。導師的行為一定不能違反他自己的教訓，除非他存心讓小孩變壞。如果導師自己任性而為，那叫小孩克製激情是沒有用的；而且他如果自己行為邪惡下流，他不可能改正學生的邪惡下流行為。壞榜樣比好規矩更容易被遵循：所以他要小心，不讓小孩受到壞榜樣的影響，特別是仆人的榜樣最危險；讓小孩遠離仆人的榜樣，不是靠禁止，因為那反而會讓他更想接近，而是要靠我說過別的方法。

GOVERNOR | In all the whole business of education, there is nothing like to be less hearkened to, or harder to be well observed, than what I am now going to say; and that is, that children should, from their first beginning to talk, have some discreet, sober, nay wise person about them, whose care it should be to fashion them aright, and keep them from all ill, especially the infection of bad company. I think this province requires great sobriety, temperance, tenderness, diligence, and discretion, qualities hardly to be found united in persons, that are to be had for ordinary salaries: nor easily to be found any-where. As to the charge of it, I think it will be the money best laid out that can be about our children; and therefore, though it may be expensive more than is ordinary, yet it cannot be thought dear. He that at any rate procures his child a good mind, well-principled, tempered to virtue and usefulness, and adorned with civility and good-breeding, makes a better purchase for him, than if he had laid out the money for an addition of more earth to his former acres. Spare it in toys and play-games, in silk and ribbons, laces and other useless expences, as much as you please; but be not sparing in so necessary a part as this. It is not good husbandry to make his fortune rich, and his mind poor. I have often, with great admiration, seen people lavish it profusely in tricking up their children in fine clothes, lodging, and feeding them sumptuously, allowing them more than enough of useless servants; and yet at the same time starve their minds, and not take sufficient care to cover that, which is the most shameful nakedness, viz. their natural wrong inclinations and ignorance. This I can look on as no other than a sacrificing to their own vanity; it showing more their pride, than true care of the good of their children. Whatsoever you employ to the advantage of your son's mind will show your true kindness, though it be to the lessening of his estate. A wise and good man can hardly want either the opinion or reality of being great and happy. But he that is foolish or vicious, can be neither great nor happy, what estate soever you leave him: and I ask you, whether there be not men in the world, whom you had rather have your son be, with £500 per annum, than some other you know, with £5000?

導師 |  在整個教育事業中，沒有什麽比我現在要說的事情更少為人傾聽，更難以為人好好注意；就是，小孩從剛開始能說話時起，左右就該有個謹慎、清醒、甚至明智的人，他的責任是正確地塑造小孩，使他們不去接近一切壞事，特別是不受壞夥伴的影響。我認為這職責要求很大的冷靜、節製、溫柔、勤奮與謹慎，這些品質難以統一在同一個人身上，至少不會在一般薪水雇來的人身上，也不是什麽地方都容易找到的。至於費用，我認為這是我們在小孩身上花得最好的一筆錢；所以，即使比普通多花費一點，也不能算貴。誰能在這上麵花錢，讓他的小孩具有善良的心地、良好的原則性、渴慕美德與價值，而且有禮貌和良好的教養，這比用這筆錢去買更多的田地劃算多了。玩具、絲綢、緞帶、花邊以及種種無用的花費，你都可以盡量地節省；但是不能節省這種必須開銷的花費。使孩子財產富裕而精神貧乏，這不是治家的好辦法。我常常驚奇地發現，人們大肆揮霍，讓孩子穿華服、住豪宅和享美食，還有過多無用的仆人；同時卻讓他們精神空虛，沒有盡力去遮掩這最可恥的赤裸裸的小孩本性中的錯誤傾向與無知。我覺得這隻是為了父母的虛榮心所作出的犧牲，為的是誇耀他們自己，不是真正為了自己孩子的好處。凡是你為兒子的精神得益所作的事，表現了你對他的真正的慈愛，即使減少傳給他的財產也無所謂。一個聰明善良的人，在別人的心目中，以及在事實上，都很少不是偉大和幸福的；但是一個愚蠢或邪惡的人，不管你留下多少財產給他，也不可能是偉大和幸福的。我且問你，你是不是寧願你的兒子成為某些有五百鎊年金的人，而不是另外一些有五千鎊年金的人？

The consideration of charge ought not, therefore, to deter those who are able: the great difficulty will be, where to find a proper person. For those of small age, parts, and virtue, are unfit for this employment; and those that have greater, will hardly be got to undertake such a charge. You must therefore look out early, and inquire every-where; for the world has people of all sorts: and I remember, Montaigne says in one of his essays, that the learned Castalio was fain to make trenchers at Basil, to keep himself from starving, when his father would have given any money for such a tutor for his son, and Castalio have willingly embraced such an employment upon very reasonable terms; but this was for want of intelligence.

所以花費不應該是可以負擔的人家要考慮的：很大的困難是在哪裏找到合適的人選。因為年紀、才能與德行都小的人不能勝任這個工作；而年高德劭又有才能的人很難用這樣的花費請到。因此你要及早留意，到處打聽；因為世界上有各種各樣的人。我記得蒙田(Montaigne)在他的一篇散文中說過，博學的卡斯特利奧 (Castellio)曾經為了糊口，不得不到巴塞爾 (Basil)去製作木製食盤；那時蒙田的父親願意付任何價錢為他的兒子找到這樣一位導師，而卡斯特利奧也一定願意以合理的條件接受這種聘請；可惜的是信息不通。

If you find it difficult to meet with such a tutor as we desire, you are not to wonder. I only can say, spare no care nor cost to get such an one. All things are to be had that way: and I dare assure you, that, if you can get a good one, you will never repent the charge; but will always have the satisfaction to think it the money, of all other, the best laid out. But be sure take nobody upon friends, or charitable, no, nor bare great commendations. Nay, if you will do as you ought, the reputation of a sober man, with a good stock of learning, (which is all usually required in a tutor,) will not be enough to serve your turn. In this choice be as curious, as you would be in that of a wife for him: for you must not think of trial, or changing afterwards; that will cause great inconvenience to you, and greater to your son. When I consider the scruples and cautions I here lay in your way, methinks it looks as if I advised you to something, which I would have offered at, but in effect not done. But he that shall consider, how much the business of a tutor, rightly employed, lies out of the road; and how remote it is from the thoughts of many, even of those who propose to themselves this employment; will perhaps be of my mind, that one, fit to educate and form the mind of a young gentleman, is not every-where to be found; and that more than ordinary care is to be taken in the choice of him, or else you may fail of your end.

如果你發現很難遇到這樣一位我們期望的導師，你不必奇怪。我隻能說，不要怕花錢或花精力去找到這樣一位導師。所有事物都要這樣才能得到：我敢向你保證，假如你能得到一位好導師，你決不會後悔所花的錢的；你會永遠覺得在你所花的金錢之中這筆錢是花得最好的。但是聘請導師決不要隻聽信朋友、或出於善舉，也不要隻憑很多好話。不但如此，如果你照你該做的去執行，一個人有嚴謹的名聲、豐富的學識 (這是對導師的通常要求)，還是不夠替你做事的。為孩子選擇導師，要像為他選擇妻子一樣仔細準確：因為你絕不能想試一試，以後再換；那對你很不方便，對你兒子就更麻煩了。這裏我給你提到種種顧慮與小心，我想看起來就像是我建議你做某件事，那本來我有機會做，但我卻沒有做到。大家隻要想一想，一般導師的工作多少是偏離正道，又離眾人所認同有多遠，甚至離自己想做導師的人所想的也很遠；大家也許會與我有同感，就是，適合教育年輕紳士和塑造他們精神的導師不是隨便什麽地方都能找到的；選擇這種人應比平常格外當心，否則你不會達到你的目的。

The character of a sober man, and a scholar, is, as I have above observed, what every one expects in a tutor. This generally is thought enough, and is all that parents commonly look for. But when such an one has emptied out, into his pupil, all the Latin and logic he has brought from the university, will that furniture make him a fine gentleman? Or can it be expected that he should be better bred, better skilled in the world, better principled in the grounds and foundations of true virtue and generosity, than his young tutor is?

我前麵提到過，每個人都期望導師具有嚴謹的人的氣質與學者的品質。一般認為這就足夠了，父母通常所找尋的也就是如此。但是當這樣一個導師把自己從大學裏麵學來的拉丁文與邏輯知識全部灌輸給他的學生之後，難道這種裝點就可以使學生變成一個優雅的紳士嗎？或者期待學生比年輕的導師更有教養、更嫻熟處世之道，更有真正德行與慷慨大方的基礎嗎？

To form a young gentleman as he should be, it is fit his governor himself should be well-bred, understand the ways of carriage, and measures of civility, in all the variety of persons, times, and places; and keep his pupil, as much as his age requires, constantly to the observation of them. This is an art not to be learnt, nor taught by books: nothing can give it, but good company and observation joined together. The taylor may make his clothes modish, and the dancing-master give fashion to his motions; yet neither of these, though they set off well, make a well-bred gentleman: no, though he have learning to boot; which, if not well managed, makes him more impertinent and intolerable in conversation. Breeding is that, which sets a gloss upon all his other good qualities, and renders them useful to him, in procuring him the esteem and good-will of all that he comes near. Without good-breeding, his other accomplishments make him pass but for proud, conceited, vain, or foolish.

要把一個青年紳士培養成他應該的那樣，導師自己應該具有良好的教養，對各樣的人物、在各種的時間和地點，都有恰當的舉止與禮貌；在學生年紀的許可範圍內，盡量讓他遵行。這是一種藝術不能被教會，也不可能從書本學來的；除了通過好的夥伴與實踐相結合，沒有什麽方法可以習得它。裁縫可以把他的衣服做得時髦，舞蹈老師可以把他的動作教得時尚；雖然這些會使他們很體麵，卻沒有一樣能使他們成為有良好教養的紳士。不，即使他學有所成，如果不能很好地控製，隻會使他在與人交往的時候更無禮、更無法容忍。教養就像給他的一切其它良好品質加的注釋，使它們對他有用，為他贏得他周圍所有的人的尊敬與善意。沒有好的教養，他的其餘成就讓他顯得驕傲、自負、虛榮或愚蠢。

Courage, in an ill-bred man, has the air, and escapes not the opinion, of brutality: learning becomes pedantry; wit, buffoonery; plainness, rusticity; good-nature, fawning: and there cannot be a good quality in him, which want of breeding will not warp, and disfigure to his disadvantage. Nay, virtue and parts, though they are allowed their due commendation, yet are not enough to procure a man a good reception, and make him welcome wherever he comes. Nobody contents himself with rough diamonds, and wears them so, who would appear with advantage. When they are polished and set, then they give a lustre. Good qualities are the substantial riches of the mind; but it is good-breeding sets them off: and he that will be acceptable, must give beauty, as well as strength, to his actions. Solidity, or even usefulness, is not enough: a graceful way and fashion, in every thing, is that which gives the ornament and liking. And, in most cases, the manner of doing is of more consequence than the thing done; and upon that depends the satisfaction, or disgust, wherewith it is received. This, therefore, which lies not in the putting off the hat, nor making of compliments, but in a due and free composure of language, looks, motion, posture, place, etc. suited to persons and occasions, and can be learned only by habit and use, though it be above the capacity of children, and little ones should not be perplexed about it; yet it ought to be begun, and in a good measure learned, by a young gentleman, whilst he is under a tutor, before he comes into the world upon his own legs; for then usually it is too late to hope to reform several habitual indecencies, which lie in little things. For the carriage is not as it should be, till it is become natural in every part; falling, as skilful musicians fingers do, into harmonious order, without care, and without thought. If in conversation a man's mind be taken up with a solicitous watchfulness about any part of his behaviour, instead of being mended by it, it will be constrained, uneasy, and ungraceful.

一個沒有教養的人有了膽量，隻會給人野蠻的印象，並為人所議論：學識成為迂腐，機智成為滑稽，質樸成為粗俗，溫厚成為諂媚；沒有教養，任何美德都變形成為他的不利之處。而且，美德與能力雖然可獲讚揚，卻不足以使其被人接納，到處都受到歡迎。沒有人滿足於未經加工的鑽石，也不會覺得佩戴這鑽石有什麽益處。當鑽石經過琢磨和鑲嵌之後，它們卻光彩照人。良好的品質是精神上的本質寶藏，卻是由良好的教養把它們凸顯出來：那受人歡迎的人，他的動作不僅有力，而且優美。穩健可靠，甚至有益可用，還是不夠的：在每一件事上都有優雅的方法與方式，才會顯得漂亮並為人喜愛。在大多數情況下，做事的態度方式比所做的事影響更大，它決定人們是滿意還是厭惡這事。這指的不隻是脫帽致意，也不是讚美誇獎，而是按照人物和場合，決定合適與冷靜自如的語言、麵貌、動作、姿勢與位置等等，這隻能通過習慣與實際運用來學習，超出了孩子們的能力，小孩子不該受此困擾；但是也要早開始，當年輕的紳士還受導師管束，沒有自己麵對世界的時候，就應學得很好；因為通常希望要糾正小事上的一些習慣性的粗鄙行為時，那就太遲了。舉止要合宜，必須一切都要熟練自然，就像技藝高超的音樂家，手指落下就成曲調，不用當心，不用思考。如果交談時，一個人的心思總是分心注意他的行為，不僅不能改進它，反而使它變得拘束、不自在與不優雅。

Besides, this part is most necessary to be formed by the hands and care of a governor: because, though the errours committed in breeding are the first that are taken notice of by others, yet they are the last that any one is told of. Not but that the malice of the world is forward enough to tattle of them; but it is always out of his hearing, who should make profit of their judgment, and reform himself by their censure. And indeed this is so nice a point to be meddled with, that even those who are friends, and wish it were mended, scarce ever dare mention it, and tell those they love, that they are guilty in such or such cases of ill breeding. Errours in other things may often with civility be shown another; and it is no breach of good manners, or friendship, to set him right in other mistakes: but good-breeding itself allows not a man to touch upon this; or to insinuate to another, that he is guilty of want of breeding. Such information can come only from those who have authority over them: and from them too it comes very hardly and harshly to a grown man; and, however softened, goes but ill down with any one, who has lived ever so little in the world. Wherefore it is necessary, that this part should be the governor's principal care; that an habitual gracefulness, and politeness in all his carriage, may be settled in his charge, as much as may be, before he goes out of his hands: and that he may not need advice in this point, when he has neither time nor disposition to receive it, nor has any body left to give it him. The tutor therefore ought, in the first place, to be well-bred: and a young gentleman, who gets this one qualification from his governor, sets out with great advantage; and will find, that this one accomplishment will more open his way to him, get him more friends, and carry him farther in the world, than all the hard words, or real knowledge, he has got from the liberal arts, or his tutor's learned encyclopedia; not that those should be neglected, but by no means preferred, or suffered to thrust out the other.

另外，這部分是最需要導師的親手照料來建立形成的：因為教養方麵的錯誤最早被別人注意到，本人卻是最後知道的。世上一些有惡意的人總愛為此說閑話，但犯錯的人卻始終聽不到，不能從他人的評判中受益，也不能根據他人的責難來改進自己。確實這是如此微妙難以幹涉，以至於朋友希望錯誤被改正，也很少敢提醒，不敢告訴他們所愛的朋友，說他們犯有這樣或那樣不良教養的錯誤。別的事情出錯還可以客氣地指出，幫他改正別的錯誤也不傷禮貌、不傷友誼；但是良好的教養本身卻不讓人觸及這問題，即使委婉地說別人缺乏教養，這本來就是不禮貌、沒教養的。這樣的批評隻能來自於有權管束他們的人；就算這樣評說一個成人也是很困難、很不中聽的；那對於一個涉世未深的人，無論措辭如何緩和，總不會使人高興。所以這應該是導師的主要關注點，就是在孩子脫離他的控製之前，多多管教他，讓他在所有的舉止上都形成習慣性的優雅與彬彬有禮；以後當小孩沒時間、沒心情接受勸告，或者沒人給他勸告時，他不再需要這方麵的建議。所以導師首先要自己很有教養，一個青年紳士從導師獲得這種品質，對他大有益處；他會發現，他的這一修養會使他的道路更寬廣、朋友更眾多、世上的成就更大，超出他從人文學科或導師的百科全書學到的深奧字句或真實知識所能成就他的；並不是那些字句或知識可以忽視，隻是不要偏好它們、不要容許它們把別的排擠掉。

Besides being well-bred, the tutor should know the world well; the ways, the humours, the follies, the cheats, the faults of the age he is fallen into, and particularly of the country he lives in. These he should be able to show to his pupil, as he finds him capable; teach him skill in men, and their manners; pull off the mask, which their several callings and pretences cover them with; and make his pupil discern what lies at the bottom, under such appearances; that he may not, as unexperienced young men are apt to do, if they are unwarned, take one thing for another, judge by the outside, and give himself up to show, and the insinuation of a fair carriage, or an obliging application. A governor should teach his scholar to guess at, and beware of, the designs of men he hath to do with, neither with too much suspicion, nor too much confidence; but, as the young man is by nature most inclined to either side, rectify him, and bend him the other way. He should accustom him to make, as much as is possible, a true judgment of men by those marks, which serve best to show what they are, and give a prospect into their inside; which often shows itself in little things, especially when they are not in parade, and upon their guard. He should acquaint him with the true state of the world, and dispose him to think no man better or worse, wiser or foolisher, than he really is. Thus, by safe and insensible degrees, he will pass from a boy to a man; which is the most hazardous step in all the whole course of life. This therefore should be carefully watched, and a young man with great diligence handed over it; and not, as now usually is done, be taken from a governor's conduct, and all at once thrown into the world under his own, not without manifest danger of immediate spoiling; there being nothing more frequent, than instances of the great looseness, extravagancy, and debauchery, which young men have run into, as soon as they have been let loose from a severe and strict education: which, I think, may be chiefly imputed to their wrong way of breeding, especially in this part; for, having been bred up in a great ignorance of what the world truly is, and finding it quite another thing, when they come into it, than what they were taught it should be, and so imagined it was; are easily persuaded, by other kind of tutors, which they are sure to meet with, that the discipline they were kept under, and the lectures that were read to them, were but the formalities of education, and the restraints of childhood; that the freedom belonging to men, is to take their swing in a full enjoyment of what was before forbidden them. They show the young novice the world, full of fashionable and glittering examples of this every-where, and he is presently dazzled with them. My young master, failing not to be willing to show himself a man, as much as any of the sparks of his years, lets himself loose to all the irregularities he finds in the most debauched; and thus courts and manliness, in the casting off the modesty and sobriety he has till then been kept in; and thinks it brave, at his first setting out, to signalize himself in running counter to all the rules of virtue, which have been preached to him by his tutor.

導師除了有良好的教養，還應該洞察世事：懂得這個時代人們的行事方式、精神性情、愚蠢荒唐、欺瞞哄騙和毛病過失，特別是他所在國家的人。當導師知道他的學生有理解能力，他就應該把這些情形告訴學生；教學生與人交往的技巧與禮節；教學生撕開麵具，看清偽裝在下麵的各種欲望；讓學生能分辨表象下麵的真相，這樣他就不會像沒有經驗的年輕人一樣，若無提醒，就會黑白混淆，以貌取人，自己也隻圖表現，總是裝模作樣，強作努力。導師應該教學生猜度與當心那些他不得不打交道的人的企圖，既不要過於多疑，也不要過於輕信；但是年輕人本性總是偏向極端，應該改正他這一缺點。當人們不在大庭廣眾之下、不警惕防備時，他們常在小事上顯示一些跡象，最能表明他們的本來麵目與真實內心，導師應該教學生盡量習慣從這些跡象來真正判斷別人。他應該讓學生了解世界的真實情況，使學生能真正認清一個人是好還是壞，是聰明還是愚蠢。於是，他可以安安全全、不知不覺地從小孩長大成人；這是整個人生中最危險階段。所以這應該很小心，年輕人更要勤勉小心度過這個階段；而不是照通常的做法，讓孩子脫離導師的引導，突然自己闖世界，置身於立刻墮落的明顯危險中；當年輕人一旦不再受嚴格教育的約束，最經常的情況是他們變得極其放任、浪費揮霍與荒淫墮落。這些情形，特別是放任墮落，主要應該歸咎於他們錯誤的教養方法；因為在教育成長的過程中，他們對真實世界一無所知，而當他們進入社會，他們卻發現與他們被教育的理想情況或他們的想象完全不同；他們肯定會遇到另一種"導師"，被那種"導師"輕易說服，認為他們所受的管束、所聽的教訓，隻是教育的一種形式和對小孩的束縛；認為成人享有的自由，可以讓他們完全享受以前被禁止的東西。這"導師"給初涉人世的年輕人展示這世界中到處充斥的時尚光鮮的榜樣，使他們馬上為此神暈目眩。我的少主人，也會像相同年紀的紈絝子弟一樣，為了顯示自己是成人，放縱自己去過放蕩無度的不正常生活；為了追求名聲與男子氣，拋棄了他一直保持的謙虛與莊重的態度；也為了表現勇敢，一開始就與導師教給他的所有美德的規矩背道而馳。

The showing him the world as really it is, before he comes wholly into it, is one of the best means, I think, to prevent this mischief. He should, by degrees, be informed of the vices in fashion, and warned of the applications and designs of those who will make it their business to corrupt him. He should be told the arts they use, and the trains they lay; and now and then have set before him the tragical or ridiculous examples of those who are ruining, or ruined, this way. The age is not like to want instances of this kind, which should be made land-marks to him; that by the disgraces, diseases, beggary, and shame of hopeful young men, thus brought to ruin, he may be precautioned, and be made see, how those join in the contempt and neglect of them that are undone, who, by pretences of friendship and respect, led them into it, and helped to prey upon them whilst they were undoing; that he may see, before he buys it by a too dear experience, that those who persuade him not to follow the sober advices he has received from his governors, and the counsel of his own reason, which they call being governed by others, do it only, that they may have the government of him themselves; and make him believe, he goes like a man of himself, by his own conduct, and for his own pleasure, when, in truth, he is wholly as a child, led by them into those vices, which best serve their purposes. This is a knowledge, which, upon all occasions, a tutor should endeavour to instil, and by all methods try to make him comprehend, and thoroughly relish.

我認為在小孩沒有完全走入社會之前便把人世真實情況告訴他，是預防這種弊端的最好方式之一。應該逐漸告訴他流行的惡習，要他防備某些人意圖讓他墮落的行動與計謀。應該告訴他這些人所用的伎倆，所設的羈絆；還要不時給他舉一些正在或已經這樣墮落的人的可悲又可笑的實例。這個時代並不缺少這樣的實例，它們可以作為他的殷鑒：那些滿懷希望的年輕人，因為墮落而名聲掃地、疾病纏身、一貧如洗和羞愧難當，看到這些他就會提防警惕，他會注意有些人參與鄙夷與怠慢墮落的年輕人，原來就是用偽裝的友誼和恭敬誘使年輕人的墮落、並在他們墮落過程中助紂為虐欺負他們的人；這樣不用代價太大的經曆，他就會看清那些人勸誘他不要聽從導師嚴肅的忠告與他自己理智的主張，貶斥那是受人管束，他們這樣做的目的隻是為了他們自己可以轄製他；他們使他相信自己是一個成人，為了自己的快樂，可以自行其是，但事實上他還完全是一個孩子，被他們引領去幹對他們最有利的惡行。這是一種知識，導師應當找一切時機竭力地灌輸給他，用一切方法讓他理解和完全領會。

I know it is often said, that to discover to a young man the vices of the age is to teach them him. That, I confess, is a good deal so, according as it is done; and therefore requires a discreet man of parts, who knows the world, and can judge of the temper, inclination, and weak side of his pupil. This farther is to be remembered, that it is not possible now (as perhaps formerly it was) to keep a young gentleman from vice, by a total ignorance of it; unless you will all his life mew him up in a closet, and never let him go into company. The longer he is kept thus hood-winked, the less he will see, when he comes abroad into open day-light, and be the more exposed to be a prey to himself and others. And an old boy, at his first appearance, with all the gravity of his ivy-bush about him, is sure to draw on him the eyes and chirping of the whole town volery; amongst which, there will not be wanting some birds of prey, that will presently be on the wing for him.

我知道人們常說，把時代的邪惡告訴年輕人等於是教他作惡。我承認，就通常的做法而言，很大程度上這種說法是對的；所以需要一個謹慎持重的能人，他洞曉世事，能夠判斷他的學生的脾性、傾向與弱點。更加要記住，在現在這個時代是不可能 (在以前也許可以)讓一個年輕的紳士完全不知道邪惡的事情來避免染上邪惡，除非你想把他在密室關一生，永遠不讓他與人來往。他這樣被蒙蔽得愈久，當他走到光天化日之下，就愈看不清楚了，愈容易成為自己與別人的受害者。一個大孩子初見世麵的時候，莊敬自重，肯定會吸引全城的鳥兒關注與嘰嘰喳喳；其中不免有些猛禽馬上向他展翅飛去。

The only fence against the world, is a thorough knowledge of it: into which a young gentleman should be entered by degrees, as he can bear it; and the earlier the better, so he be in safe and skilful hands to guide him. The scene should be gently opened, and his entrance made step by step, and the dangers pointed out that attend him, from the several degrees, tempers, designs, and clubs of men. He should be prepared to be shocked by some, and caressed by others; warned who are like to oppose, who to mislead, who to undermine him, and who to serve him. He should be instructed how to know and distinguish men; where he should let them see, and when dissemble the knowledge of them, and their aims and workings. And if he be too forward to venture upon his own strength and skill, the perplexity and trouble of a misadventure now and then, that reaches not his innocence, his health, or reputation, may not be an ill way to teach him more caution.

對這個世界唯一的防衛是徹底地了解世界：一個年輕的紳士在他能承受的範圍內逐漸進入世界；而且要越早越好，這樣他就由穩妥與有技能的人來引領他。場景應該漸漸打開，他也要一步步進入，並且向他指出，從各種地位、各種脾性、各種圖謀與各種團體的人所來的靠近他的危險。他應該準備承受一些人的打擊，接受另一些人的關愛；應該提醒他，誰會反對他，誰會誤導他，誰會暗算他，誰又會為他服務。應該指導他怎樣了解與區分人；應該知道什麽地方讓人看見，什麽時候又該假裝不知道別人、別人的目的與運作。如果他急於靠自己的勇氣與本領去冒險，時不時的不幸事件引發的窘迫與麻煩，隻要不影響他的純真、健康或聲譽，也是一個教他更加小心的不壞方法。

This, I confess, containing one great part of wisdom, is not the product of some superficial thoughts, or much reading; but the effect of experience and observation in a man, who has lived in the world with his eyes open, and conversed with men of all sorts. And therefore I think it of most value to be instilled into a young man, upon all occasions which offer themselves, that when he comes to launch into the deep himself, he may not be like one at sea without a line, compass, or sea-chart; but may have some notice before-hand of the rocks and shoals, the currents and quick-sands, and know a little how to steer, that he sink not, before he get experience. He that thinks not this of more moment to his son, and for which he more needs a governor, than the languages and learned sciences, forgets of how much more use it is to judge right of men, and manage his affairs wisely with them, than to speak Greek and Latin, or argue in mood and figure; or to have his head filled with the abstruse speculations of natural philosophy and metaphysics; nay, than to be well versed in Greek and Roman writers, though that be much better for a gentleman, than to be a good peripatetic or cartesian: because those ancient authors observed and painted mankind well, and give the best light into that kind of knowledge. He that goes into the eastern parts of Asia, will find able and acceptable men, without any of these: but without virtue, knowledge of the world, and civility, an accomplished and valuable man can be found no-where.

我承認這裏包含一種巨大的智慧，不是靠膚淺的思考或多讀書就能得到；隻能是一個人睜著眼在世上生活，與各種各樣的人交往，獲得對人的經驗與觀察的結果。所以我認為，最值得是利用一切機會把這灌輸給年輕人，這樣當他深入社會，他就不會像有人迷失在海上，既不知道航線，又沒有指南針或航海圖；他會得到預告，知道哪裏有礁石與淺灘、急流與流沙，他也知道一點怎樣駕駛，這樣他在獲得經驗以前就不會沉入水中。那認為這對於他的兒子不如語言與學術性科學更值得多花時間、多需導師指導的，忘記了正確地判斷人和明智地與人相處是怎樣地更有用，它們比會說希臘語和拉丁語、或與人辯論得體有用得多，也比頭腦中充滿自然哲學與形而上學的深奧猜想有用得多；甚至比精通希臘與羅馬的作家有用得多，雖然這種精通對一個紳士來說要好過做一個好的亞裏士多德門徒或笛卡爾信徒：因為那些古代的作家對人類的觀察與描述很深刻，最能揭示那種知識。人們到東亞去就會發現有才幹而又為人認同的人，雖然沒有任何這些知識：但是一個沒有美德、不明世理、不懂禮儀，卻有成就和有價值的人，是哪裏都找不到的。

A great part of the learning now in fashion in the schools of Europe, and that goes ordinarily into the round of education, a gentleman may, in a good measure, be unfurnished with, without any great disparagement to himself, or prejudice to his affairs. But prudence and good-breeding are, in all the stations and occurrences of life, necessary; and most young men suffer in the want of them; and come rawer, and more awkward, into the world, than they should, for this very reason; because these qualities, which are, of all other, the most necessary to be taught, and stand most in need of the assistance and help of a teacher, are generally neglected, and thought but a slight, or no part of a tutor's business. Latin and learning make all the noise: and the main stress is laid upon his proficiency in things, a great part whereof belongs not to a gentleman's calling; which is to have the knowledge of a man of business, a carriage suitable to his rank, and to be eminent and useful in his country, according to his station. Whenever either spare hours from that, or an inclination to perfect himself in some parts of knowledge, which his tutor did but just enter him in, set him upon any study; the first rudiments of it, which he learned before, will open the way enough for his own industry to carry him as far as his fancy will prompt, or his parts enable him to go: or, if he thinks it may save his time and pains, to be helped over some difficulties by the hands of a master, he may then take a man that is perfectly well skilled in it, or choose such an one, as he thinks fittest for his purpose. But to initiate his pupil in any part of learning, as far as is necessary for a young man in the ordinary course of his studies, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough. Nor is it requisite that he should be a thorough scholar, or possess in perfection all those sciences, which it is convenient a young gentleman should have a taste of, in some general view, or short system. A gentleman, that would penetrate deeper, must do it by his own genius and industry afterwards; for nobody ever went far in knowledge, or became eminent in any of the sciences, by the discipline and constraint of a master.

現在歐洲學校中流行的學問以及平常的教育，一個紳士即使缺失其中的很大一部分，對他自己不會有任何重大的貶損，對他的事務也不會有損害。但是謹慎持重與良好的教養，在人生的一切階段與事件中都是必需的；大多數年輕人為缺乏它們而吃苦；也正因為這個原因，當他們進入社會，他們比他們應該的程度顯得更生澀、更別扭；因為這些品質，本來最應該得到導師的教導與幫助，卻通常被忽視，認為是導師職責的很小一部分，抑或認為根本不是導師職責。大家所關注的全是拉丁語和學問：主要強調的是他對事情的嫻熟，雖然那些事情的很大部分不屬於一個紳士的使命；紳士的職責是具有幹事業的人的知識，合乎他地位的舉止，按照他的身分使自己成為一個傑出的和有益國家的人。無論何時他有空閑時間，或者願意在導師指點他入門的知識方麵使自己更完善，他可以決意學習任何東西；他從前學到基礎知識，為他本身的勤勉開通足夠的道路，使他盡量達到他的願望或能力允許的地方；或許他想要借老師的幫助克服某些困難，以此節省時間與辛勞，那麽他可以找一個對此非常精通的人，或者選一個他認為最符合他的目標的人。但是教給學生任何學問，若隻要達到年輕人的普通學業所需的程度，導師隻要有普通的才能就足夠了。並不要求他是一個全能的學者，也不必完全掌握年輕人應該大概涉獵的那些科學。一個紳士要想進一步鑽研，必須要靠他本身的天分和後天的努力；因為沒有人能依靠老師的紀律管束來獲取高深知識，或在任何科學上取得傑出成就。

The great work of a governor is to fashion the carriage, and form the mind; to settle in his pupil good habits, and the principles of virtue and wisdom; to give him, by little and little, a view of mankind; and work him into a love and imitation of what is excellent and praise-worthy; and, in the prosecution of it, to give him vigour, activity, and industry. The studies which he sets him upon, are but, as it were, the exercises of his faculties, and employment of his time, to keep him from sauntering and idleness, to teach him application, and accustom him to take pains, and to give him some little taste of what his own industry must perfect. For who expects, that under a tutor a young gentleman should be an accomplished critic, orator, or logician; go to the bottom of metaphysics, natural philosophy, or mathematics; or be a master in history or chronology? Though something of each of these is to be taught him; but it is only to open the door, that he may look in, and, as it were, begin an acquaintance, but not to dwell there: and a governor would be much blamed, that should keep his pupil too long, and lead him too far in most of them. But of good breeding, knowledge of the world, virtue, industry, and a love of reputation, he cannot have too much: and, if he have these, he will not long want what he needs or desires of the other.

導師的重大任務是改善舉止和塑造心靈；使學生養成良好的習慣，以及美德與智慧的原則；逐漸告訴他對人性的見解；推動他熱愛與仿效優秀的和為人稱道的行為；在執行的過程中給他精力、行動與勤奮。他讓學生用功的學業，隻是為了鍛煉他的能力，運用他的時間，免得他遊手好閑或懶散，教他努力，讓他習慣盡力苦幹，並且讓他嚐試自身努力所能成就的。因為誰會期待一個年輕的紳士在導師的指導下成為一個有成就的批評家、演說家或邏輯學家；鑽研到形而上學、自然哲學或數學的深處；或者成為曆史或年代學的大師呢？盡管這些學問每樣都應該教給他一點；但那隻是引他入門，讓他一窺門徑，開始有一點認識，不是讓他一直逗留在那裏：而且導師如果讓學生盤桓太久，引領他鑽研太深，導師會因此大受責備。但是良好的教養，明了世理，美德，勤奮努力和愛惜名譽，他怎麽都不會嫌多；而且如果他有了這些，他不再缺少他所需要的，他也不用渴求別的東西。

And, since it cannot be hoped he should have time and strength to learn all things, most pains should be taken about that which is most necessary; and that principally looked after, which will be of most and frequentest use to him in the world.

而且因為不可能期望他有時間與精力去學習所有的東西，所以最主要的精力應該用在最需要的事情上；他應該主要追求那些在世上對他最有用和最常用的東西。

Seneca complains of the contrary practice in his time; and yet the Burgersdiciuses and the Scheiblers did not swarm in those days, as they do now in these. What would he have thought, if he had lived now, when the tutors think it their great business to fill the studies and heads of their pupils with such authors as these? He would have had much more reason to say, as he does, ``Non vitæ, sed scholæ discimus;'' We learn not to live, but to dispute; and our education fits us rather for the university than the world. But it is no wonder, if those who make the fashion, suit it to what they have, and not to what their pupils want. The fashion being once established, who can think it strange, that in this, as well as in all other things, it should prevail; and that the greatest part of those, who find their account in an easy submission to it, should be ready to cry out heresy, when any one departs from it? It is nevertheless matter of astonishment, that men of quality and parts should suffer themselves to be so far misled by custom and implicit faith. Reason, if consulted with, would advise, that their children's time should be spent in acquiring what might be useful to them, when they come to be men, rather than to have their heads stuffed with a deal of trash, a great part whereof they usually never do (it is certain they never need to) think on again as long as they live; and so much of it, as does stick by them, they are only the worse for. This is so well known, that I appeal to parents themselves, who have been at cost to have their young heirs taught it, whether it be not ridiculous for their sons to have any tincture of that sort of learning, when they come abroad into the world; whether any appearance of it would not lessen and disgrace them in company. And that certainly must be an admirable acquisition, and deserves well to make a part in education, which men are ashamed of, where they are most concerned to show their parts and breeding.

塞內卡 (Seneca)曾經抱怨他的時代中相反的做法；而那時布格斯迪歇塞斯 (Burgersdiciuses)和席布勒 (Scheiblers)還不象現在到處都是。如果他活在現在，看到導師以為他們最大的任務給他們學生的頭腦與學業中充斥著這樣的作者，他不知會作何感想？他就更有理由說，我們學習不是為了生活，而是為了爭辯 ("Non vitæ, sed scholæ discimus", 拉丁語"我們學習不是為了生活，而是為了爭辯"。)；我們的教育使我們更適合大學而不是社會。這也不奇怪，造成這種風氣的人隻是讓它適合他們自己所有的，而不是適合學生所需要的。這種風氣一旦形成，誰會奇怪它在這樣和別的一切事上都占上風；而且其中絕大多數人因為他們自己輕易順服這風氣的緣故，當有人偏離它，莫不立刻鼓噪那是異端邪說？然而令人驚訝的是，那些有素養與才能的人會因為習慣和絕對信任而被如此誤導。如果他們求教於理智，理智會建議他們孩子的時間應該花在獲取那些他們長大成人後對他們有用的東西，而不是讓他們的頭腦充滿垃圾，其中絕大部分他們通常一生再也不會想到 (他們當然再也不需要去想)；而且如果他們還保留著這些東西，反而對他們更有害。這個道理是廣為人知的，所以我提請那些花錢讓他們的年輕繼承人受此教育的父母注意，當他們的兒子進入社會，因為這種教育的熏陶是不是顯得可笑；這樣的表現是不是使他們受同伴輕視並失掉體麵。而那肯定為人欽佩的學識，值得成為教育的一部分的，卻是那些人們在最需表現他們的才能與教養的時候感到羞愧的。

There is yet another reason, why politeness of manners, and knowledge of the world, should principally be looked after in a tutor: and that is, because a man of parts and years may enter a lad far enough in any of those sciences, which he has no deep insight into himself. Books in these will be able to furnish him, and give him light and precedency enough to go before a young follower; but he will never be able to set another right in the knowledge of the world, and, above all, in breeding, who is a novice in them himself.

還有一個理由，就是為什麽導師最重要的是要有優雅的舉止和明了世理：那是因為一個有能力與經曆的人，即使他自己對任一科學沒有深刻的見解，他還是可以指導學生深入地學習。這方麵的書籍就可以供應他，給他足夠的指引與領先的地位去領導一個年輕的追隨者；但是他自己對於世理與教養還是一個新手，那麽他是決不能夠使得別人明了世理並有教養的。

This is a knowledge he must have about him, worn into him by use and conversation, and a long forming himself by what he has observed to be practised and allowed in the best company. This, if he has it not of his own, is no-where to be borrowed, for the use of his pupil; or if he could find pertinent treatises of it in books, that would reach all the particulars of an English gentleman's behaviour; his own ill-fashioned example, if he be not well-bred himself, would spoil all his lectures; it being impossible, that any one should come forth well-fashioned out of unpolished, ill-bred company.

這種知識是他必須具備的，通過運用和交流逐漸吸收，並且觀察最好的社交聚會中人們奉行與容許的禮儀，來長久地塑造自己。假如他自身沒有這知識，那他也沒有地方借鑒以供他的學生應用；即使他能從書中找到相關的論述，討論一個英國紳士的行為的一切細節，但是如果他自己沒有良好的教養，他本身的壞榜樣會損壞他的教誨；一個人要從粗魯的、沒教養的伴侶中成長為有良好禮數的人，那是不可能的。

I say this, not that I think such a tutor is every day to be met with, or to be had at the ordinary rates: but that those, who are able, may not be sparing of inquiry or cost, in what is of so great moment; and that other parents, whose estates will not reach to greater salaries, may yet remember, what they should principally have an eye to, in the choice of one, to whom they would commit the education of their children; and what part they should chiefly look after themselves, whilst they are under their care, and as often as they come within their observation; and not think, that all lies in Latin and French, or some dry systems of logic and philosophy.

我這樣說，並不表示我認為這樣的導師天天都可遇到，或是用普通的價錢就能聘請到；而是說那些有能力的，在如此重大的關頭，不要舍不得去尋訪或舍不得花錢；那些不能支付高薪的父母，則應記住他們選擇導師來教育小孩時，最應該看重的是什麽；當小孩在他們的照料下，常在他們視線之內時，他們應該明白什麽部分是自己應該當心的；而不隻是認為，所有的一切在於拉丁語、法語以及一些枯燥的邏輯和哲學體係。

 

摘自Some Thoughts Concerning Education (English-Chinese Edition)(ISBN-10: 1537479857)