四）受害者與旁觀者的角度
小說《德古拉》是公認的經典，作者一改古代神話和傳說中的醜陋、低智商的吸血鬼形象，塑造了一個聰明、冷酷、具有異性魅力的吸血鬼，使德古拉成為吸血鬼的代名詞。當今諸多影視作品裏的吸血鬼基本都是按照這個套路創作的。其次，作者“偽造”了以不同人物口吻寫的日記，將這些日記“拚湊”成一部小說，讓讀者在閱讀的過程中產生了“實時體驗”。這種寫作手法增強了小說的懸念和恐怖氣氛，無疑是成功的。
既然是日記拚成的小說，一切形式的記錄難免摻雜著主觀色彩，我們來整理一下小說中不同人物對德古拉的印象。
最早見到德古拉的是在律師行工作的喬納森·哈克（Jonathan Harker），小說的第一章和第二章，喬納森·哈克在日記中寫到， “一輛四匹馬拉的馬車從我們身後趕上來，停在了我們的馬車旁邊。透過我們的燈光，我可以看見那些是黝黑的上等馬。駕駛它們的是一個高個子男人，留著長長的棕色胡子，戴著一頂大大的黑帽子，這似乎遮蓋了他的臉。當他轉向我們時，我隻能看見一雙非常明亮閃爍的眼睛，在燈光下似乎是紅色的。” “他邊說邊微笑著，燈光照在他的線條僵硬的嘴上，嘴唇很紅，有著白如象牙的尖利的牙齒。”“ 車夫扶我上車，一隻手像一隻鐵鉗似地夾住我的胳膊，他的力氣真是大的驚人。” “當他們沉入黑暗中時，我感到一陣奇怪的寒意，一種孤獨的感覺包圍了我。不過很快，一個鬥篷披在了我的肩上，一塊毯子蓋在了我的膝蓋上，車夫用出色的德語說— ” – 請注意，這個車夫是說德語的外國人。
（a caleche, with four horses, drove up behind us, overtook us, and drew up beside the coach. I could see from the flash of our lamps as the rays fell on them, that the horses were coal-black and splendid animals. They were driven by a tall man, with a long brown beard and a great black hat, which seemed to hide his face from us. I could only see the gleam of a pair of very bright eyes, which seemed red in the lamplight, as he turned to us……As he spoke he smiled, and the lamplight fell on a hard-looking mouth, with very red lips and sharp-looking teeth, as white as ivory…… the driver helping me with a hand which caught my arm in a grip of steel. His strength must have been prodigious…… As they sank into the darkness I felt a strange chill, and a lonely feeling come over me. But a cloak was thrown over my shoulders, and a rug across my knees, and the driver said in excellent German-）
馬車來到了德古拉伯爵的古堡前，“車夫跳下車，伸出手扶我下車。我再一次注意到他那超凡的力氣。他的手像一隻鋼製虎鉗，隻要他願意，隨時可以夾碎我的手。”（the driver jumped down and held out his hand to assist me to alight. Again I could not but notice his prodigious strength. His hand actually seemed like a steel vice that could have crushed mine if he had chosen.）
大門打開後，德古拉出現了，喬納森並沒有意識眼前的德古拉就是他剛才見到的那個車夫，因為兩個人的外表不太一樣。喬納森觀察到：“裏麵站著一個高個子的老人，除了長長的白胡須，麵部其他地方刮的很幹淨，從頭到腳都披著黑色，周身沒有任何別的顏色。他手裏拿著一盞沒有燈罩的古董銀燈，火焰在大門口的冷風中閃爍著微光，投下長長的晃動的陰影。老人恭敬地用右手打著手勢招呼我進去，說著出色的英語，但語調很奇怪。” “他沒有走上前迎接我，而是像一座雕像站著，似乎他的歡迎姿態將他固定在了石頭上。然而，在我越過門檻的那一刻，他衝動地向前移步，伸出他的手握住我的手，力量之大，使我畏縮了。我感覺到這隻手很冰，更像是死人的手，而不是活人的手。”
（Within, stood a tall old man, clean shaven save for a long white moustache, and clad in black from head to foot, without a single speck of colour about him anywhere. He held in his hand an antique silver lamp, in which the flame burned without a chimney or globe of any kind, throwing long quivering shadows as it flickered in the draught of the open door. The old man motioned me in with his right hand with a courtly gesture, saying in excellent English, but with a strange intonation. …… He made no motion of stepping to meet me, but stood like a statue, as though his gesture of welcome had fixed him into stone. The instant, however, that I had stepped over the threshold, he moved impulsively forward, and holding out his hand grasped mine with a strength which made me wince, an effect which was not lessened by the fact that it seemed cold as ice, more like the hand of a dead than a living man. ）
喬納森吃完德古拉為他準備的晚餐後，坐在火爐旁邊的椅子上，一邊抽著主人遞過來的雪茄，一邊觀察他，“他的麵部線條鮮明，像鷹，薄薄的鼻梁凸出，鼻孔呈深深的拱形，前額高高隆起，太陽穴四周的頭發稀疏，但其他地方的頭發很濃密。他的眉毛非常濃，幾乎要在鼻根處連成一線，濃密的頭發似乎卷成一團。據我所見，掩蓋在濃密的胡須下的那張嘴紋絲不動，看起來很殘酷，白色的牙齒特別鋒利，突出在嘴唇上方，鮮紅的嘴唇顯示出他這個年紀的男人的驚人生命力。還有，他的耳朵是蒼白的，頂端非常尖。下巴寬闊有力，臉頰雖然瘦削卻結實。整張臉顯得異常蒼白。當他將手放在膝蓋上時，我借著火光觀察他的手背，它們似乎很白皙精致。但是近看起來，我不禁注意到它們很粗糙，寬大，手指短粗。奇怪的是，他的手心有毛發。指甲又長又細，修剪得很尖。伯爵向我靠過來並且用他的手觸碰我時，我無法抑止地顫抖起來。可能是他呼出的氣息很難聞，我產生了一種難以掩飾的恐怖的惡心感。”
（His face was a strong, a very strong, aquiline, with high bridge of the thin nose and peculiarly arched nostrils, with lofty domed forehead, and hair growing scantily round the temples but profusely elsewhere. His eyebrows were very massive, almost meeting over the nose, and with bushy hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. The mouth, so far as I could see it under the heavy moustache, was fixed and rather cruel-looking, with peculiarly sharp white teeth. These protruded over the lips, whose remarkable ruddiness showed astonishing vitality in a man of his years. For the rest, his ears were pale, and at the tops extremely pointed. The chin was broad and strong, and the cheeks firm though thin. The general effect was one of extraordinary pallor.
Hitherto I had noticed the backs of his hands as they lay on his knees in the firelight, and they had seemed rather white and fine. But seeing them now close to me, I could not but notice that they were rather coarse, broad, with squat fingers. Strange to say, there were hairs in the centre of the palm. The nails were long and fine, and cut to a sharp point. As the Count leaned over me and his hands touched me, I could not repress a shudder. It may have been that his breath was rank, but a horrible feeling of nausea came over me, which, do what I would, I could not conceal. ）
“伯爵微笑著，嘴唇貼著牙齦向後咧開，露出了奇怪的又長又尖似犬的牙齒。”
（The Count smiled, and as his lips ran back over his gums, the long, sharp, canine teeth showed out strangely)
那晚喬納森隻睡了幾個小時，起床後，他對著窗戶旁邊的修麵鏡刮胡子時，伯爵突然出現在他身邊，“但是鏡子裏卻沒有他的影子！”（But there was no reflection of him in the mirror!）。喬納森不小心割破了下巴，“但是那一刻，我看到傷口已經流了一點血，血順著我的下巴往下滴 ……當伯爵看到我的臉時，他的眼中燃燒著一種惡魔般的憤怒，他突然抓住了我的喉嚨。我閃開了，他的手碰到了串著十字架上的念珠。這使他的臉色立刻變了，憤怒消逝得如此之快，以至於我簡直不敢相信它曾經存在過。”
（But at the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little, and the blood was trickling over my chin. ……When the Count saw my face, his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury, and he suddenly made a grab at my throat. I drew away and his hand touched the string of beads which held the crucifix. It made an instant change in him, for the fury passed so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there. ）
第三章，喬納森繼續在日記裏記錄他的觀察：“當德古拉伯爵在說話的時候，他的眼神和舉止讓我意識到自己是一個囚徒，而且我別無選擇。伯爵從我的鞠躬中看到了他的勝利，從我臉上的憂慮表情中看到了他的控製權，因為他立刻開始使用它們了，不過用的是他那種柔和的，不可抗拒的方式。”（while Count Dracula was speaking, there was that in his eyes and in his bearing which made me remember that I was a prisoner, and that if I wished it I could have no choice. The Count saw his victory in my bow, and his mastery in the trouble of my face, for he began at once to use them, but in his own smooth, resistless way. ）
喬納森被伯爵禁錮期間，更奇怪的事情發生了：三位美麗的女吸血鬼在夜間來到他的床邊，試圖挑逗睡夢中的他。“但是就在那一瞬間，另一種感覺像閃電一樣迅速穿過了我。我意識到伯爵的存在，他仿佛被憤怒的風暴所籠罩。當我不由自主睜開眼睛時，看到他的強壯的手抓住了那位美麗女人的細長脖子，用力向後拉，他藍色的眼睛充滿了憤怒，潔白的牙齒“咯咯”作響，白皙的雙頰泛著激動的紅光。哦，伯爵！我從未想象過這樣的憤怒，即使對地獄裏的魔鬼來說。他的兩隻眼睛熾熱燃燒著，閃爍著鮮紅的光，仿佛地獄之火在雙眸後麵燃著。他的臉死人般蒼白，臉上的線條像拉絲一樣堅硬。鼻子上方連接成一線的濃密的眉毛像膨脹的白熱的金屬棒。”（But at that instant, another sensation swept through me as quick as lightning. I was conscious of the presence of the Count, and of his being as if lapped in a storm of fury. As my eyes opened involuntarily I saw his strong hand grasp the slender neck of the fair woman and with giant's power draw it back, the blue eyes transformed with fury, the white teeth champing with rage, and the fair cheeks blazing red with passion. But the Count! Never did I imagine such wrath and fury, even to the demons of the pit. His eyes were positively blazing. The red light in them was lurid, as if the flames of hell fire blazed behind them. His face was deathly pale, and the lines of it were hard like drawn wires. The thick eyebrows that met over the nose now seemed like a heaving bar of white-hot metal.）
第四章，喬納森發現伯爵睡在一個裝著泥土的箱子裏，“但是他看起來年輕了大半，他的白色須發變成了深鐵灰色。臉頰飽滿了，白皙的皮膚透著紅潤。嘴巴比以往任何時候都更紅，因為嘴唇上有鮮紅的血塊，血從嘴角順著下巴和脖子滴下來。甚至那雙深陷的， 燃燒的眼睛都好像嵌在鼓起的肌肉裏，眼皮和眼袋都膨脹起來。這個可怕的生物仿佛全身充滿了血液，他像一個肮髒的吸血鬼躺在那裏，吃飽肚皮後筋疲力盡。”（but looking as if his youth had been half restored. For the white hair and moustache were changed to dark iron-grey. The cheeks were fuller, and the white skin seemed ruby-red underneath. The mouth was redder than ever, for on the lips were gouts of fresh blood, which trickled from the corners of the mouth and ran down over the chin and neck. Even the deep, burning eyes seemed set amongst swollen flesh, for the lids and pouches underneath were bloated. It seemed as if the whole awful creature were simply gorged with blood. He lay like a filthy leech, exhausted with his repletion. )
從以上這些日記片段可以看出：喬納森與德古拉相處的時間最長，有過近距離的接觸和交談，因而他對德古拉的描述是最詳盡的。相比之下，其他幾個角色對德古拉的描述就簡略很多。
第八章，德古拉第一次攻擊露西時，露西的好友米娜（Mina，後來成為喬納森的妻子）看見了他“白色的臉和一雙紅色的發光的眼睛”（a white face and red, gleaming eyes）。第十三章，米娜陪著丈夫去海德公園散步，發現丈夫盯著“一個又高又瘦的男人，有一個形同鳥喙的鼻子，黑色的唇須和尖尖的胡須”， “他的相貌不善。堅硬，殘酷，感性，潔白的大牙齒像動物的牙齒一樣尖利，在鮮紅的嘴唇的襯托下，牙齒顯得更白了”。（ a tall, thin man, with a beaky nose and black moustache and pointed beard, who was also observing the pretty girl …… His face was not a good face. It was hard, and cruel, and sensual, and big white teeth, that looked all the whiter because his lips were so red, were pointed like an animal's.）
有趣的是，米娜形容德古拉的鼻子像“鳥喙”（beaky），而小說開篇喬納森說德古拉長著鷹鉤鼻（aquiline）。可見每一個人因為生活圈子和成長環境的不同，對同一事物的描述也是不同的。我曾經讀過一位資深刑偵人員撰寫的辦案心得，他總結說，受害人直接描述嫌疑人的時候，描繪出來的形象往往是凶狠的，誇張的，而路人描述出來的形象有可能差別很大，這與角度、心理等諸多因素有關。作者斯托克在“杜撰”不同角色寫的日記時，分寸感把握的非常好，有點像大偵探在寫推理小說。
除了變化成各種人物，德古拉還會變成動物和大自然中的元素。第八章中，他化身為海上的霧（mist, sea fog），米娜看到的在月光下飛行的巨大蝙蝠也是他；第十一章中，他變成一隻瘦骨嶙峋的大灰狼來襲擊露西……
