個人資料
南小鹿 (熱門博主)
  • 博客訪問:
正文

盛開在油墨香裏的大蒜花:女巫的毒藥

(2020-10-03 12:44:44) 下一個

二)女巫的毒藥

同古希臘人一樣,早期的古羅馬貴族討厭大蒜味,拒絕食蒜。隻有下等的工人和奴隸才吃大蒜,籍此增強他們的體力和活力。全身散發著蒜味的被視為下等人,不被允許進入神廟。

士兵們在戰前吃大蒜,以激發他們的士氣。古羅馬的將軍們相信大蒜帶給軍隊勇氣,每征服一個國家,他們就命士兵在那裏種植大蒜,象征著勇氣已經轉移到陣地上。凱撒大帝是貴族出身,卻非常喜歡吃大蒜,不知這是否與他南征北戰的經曆有關。

 

古羅馬著名的抒情詩人賀拉斯(Horace,公元前65- 公元前8年)在《長短句集》(Epodes)的第三篇裏明確地表示了自己對大蒜的厭惡,現翻譯如下:

頌歌三    至梅塞納斯

“如果有人在任何時候用邪惡之手折斷了年邁的父親的脖子,就讓他吃大蒜,比毒芹更毒。哦!割草者強壯的腸子!我的腑髒內憤怒翻騰的是何種毒?難道注入在這些草藥內的毒蛇的血欺騙了我?還是卡尼迪亞將這種有害的食物穿在身上?當淩駕於所有阿爾戈英雄之上的美狄亞,崇拜著他們帥氣的領袖傑森時,她用此物膏抹了他,因為他將要軛束那些不曾馴服的公牛。為了報複傑森的情婦,她把此物塗抹在送給情敵的禮物上,然後騎著翼龍飛走了。幹渴的阿普利亞上空的任何一個星座的熾灼程度都無法與此物的憤怒之火相比,德伊阿妮拉的禮物在辛勞的赫拉克勒斯肩膀上灼燒的熱度,都不如它強烈。滑稽的梅塞納斯,如果你膽敢對這類東西產生渴望,我希望您的女人會拒絕您的親吻,並且躺在床鋪最遠的一端。”

ODE III.       

TO MAECENAS.

If any person at any time with an impious hand has broken his aged father's neck, let him eat garlic, more baneful than hemlock. Oh! the hardy bowels of the mowers! What poison is this that rages in my entrails? Has viper's blood, infused in these herbs, deceived me? Or has Canidia dressed this baleful food? When Medea, beyond all the [other] argonauts, admired their handsome leader, she anointed Jason with this, as he was going to tie the untried yoke on the bulls: and having revenged herself on [Jason's] mistress, by making her presents besmeared with this, she flew away on her winged dragon. Never did the steaming influence of any constellation so raging as this rest upon the thirsty Appulia: neither did the gift [of Dejanira] burn hotter upon the shoulders of laborious Hercules. But if ever, facetious Maecenas, you should have a desire for any such stuff again, I wish that your girl may oppose her hand to your kiss, and lie at the furthest part of the bed.

這首詩是獻給羅馬帝國皇帝奧古斯都的謀臣蓋烏斯.梅塞納斯(Gaius Cilnius Maecenas,公元前70年-公元前8)的。梅塞納斯是詩人藝術家的保護人,詩人維吉爾和賀拉斯都曾蒙他提攜。

 

賀拉斯把大蒜視為一種比毒芹還毒的植物,隻有下等人(割草者)的腸胃才能消化得了這種粗鄙的食物。上等人(詩人自己)如果不小心吃了大蒜,準保肚子裏翻江倒海,像中了毒那般難受。詩中的卡尼迪亞是拉丁語文學作品裏最著名的女巫之一,有人說她的原型是賀拉斯的一位賣香水的情人,兩人分手時鬧的不愉快,詩人故意在作品中將情人醜化成一位擁有超自然能力的邪惡的女巫。卡尼迪亞用大蒜來點綴她的服飾,旨在給人們帶來惡運。詩歌中還引用了兩個希臘神話,第一個是美狄亞的故事,第二個是大力神赫拉克勒斯和第三任妻子德伊阿妮拉的故事。

美狄亞的故事先後出現在歐裏庇得斯(Euripides,公元前480年-前406,古希臘三大悲劇大師之一)的劇作《美狄亞》(創作於公元前431年),阿波羅尼俄斯(Apollonius)的長篇敘事詩歌《阿爾戈英雄紀》(Argonautica, 創作於公元前三世紀),以及奧維德(Ovid, 公元前43-公元17/18年)的《變形記》(Metamorphoses)裏。

美狄亞是島國科爾喀斯(Colchis)的公主,被愛神之箭射中,瘋狂地愛上了率領阿爾戈英雄前來尋找金羊毛的傑森(Jason)。根據《阿爾戈英雄紀》的版本,為了幫助傑森,美狄亞使用了她儲存在容器裏的草藥。其中一種功力強大的草藥是從被宙斯綁在高加索山懸崖上的普羅米修斯(Prometheus)流出的鮮血中長出來的。她將這種草藥泡在水裏,用藥水抹遍傑森的身體,還擦拭在他的武器上。有了藥水的相助,傑森製服了鼻孔噴著烈焰的黃銅蹄公牛,並殺死了由毒龍牙齒變成的武士。傑森又把美狄亞提供的藥液灑在看守金羊毛的巨龍身上,使其陷入昏睡,成功盜得金羊毛。

 

這對夫妻和一眾阿爾戈英雄一起逃離科爾喀斯,美狄亞親手殺死了前來追殺他們的兄弟。他們回到傑森的故鄉伊奧科斯(Iolcos ),該國的現任國王是傑森的叔叔,靠陰謀篡了哥哥的王位。為了助丈夫奪回王位,美狄亞成功欺騙了伊奧科斯的公主們。她用秘製的草藥在一個大鍋裏煮了一隻老羊,結果從鍋裏跳出了一隻活潑的小羊。公主們信以為真,為了幫助父親恢複青春,將他大卸八塊後扔進滾燙的魔法鍋中……國王死後,王位留給了傑森。但希臘人對他們這種弑君篡位的行為非常不滿,夫妻倆被迫流亡到科林斯。在科林斯,美狄亞懷孕並生下了兩個孩子。一對共患難的夫妻卻無法共貧賤,傑森對美狄亞的愛情消失了,迷上了美麗的底比斯公主格勞斯。為了迎娶新歡,他狠心地拋棄了自己的結發妻子。

悲劇《美狄亞》以美狄亞被傑森無情拋棄為開篇。她設計了一係列報複計劃,包括用劍砍死傑森和新娘等,最後她決定借助於自己最擅長的草藥知識。她首先找到雅典國王埃勾斯(Aegeus),說自己能夠用草藥治好他的不育症,她就這樣為自己找到了庇護所。接著,她織了一件禮服和金色花環,作為新婚禮物送給新娘,禮物上塗抹著毒藥水。新娘穿上嫁衣、戴上金冠後,出現中毒症狀,痛苦地呻吟,頭上的金冠忽然冒出熊熊烈火,把她的全身燒著了,慘不忍睹地死去。為了給傑森最致命一擊,美狄亞又親手用寶劍捅死了兩個兒子,然後乘著從祖父赫利俄斯(Helios)那裏借來的龍車飛到了雅典城……

以上這兩部作品裏的美狄亞不太像今人思維定勢裏的女巫,更像一位精通草藥知識、敢愛敢恨且心狠手辣的女人。書中也幾乎沒有描寫她的超自然能力。故事很接地氣,你可以理解為一位瘋狂的姑娘愛上了一位勇敢英俊的男子。她的人生前半段是喜劇,後半段是悲劇。讀完這些故事,你會對感情有一種新的感悟:瘋狂是比毒藥還可怕的東西,與其追求驚世駭俗的有始無終的愛情,不如平平淡淡地執子之手、與子偕老。

 

幾百年後,奧維德在他的《變形記》中將美狄亞的草藥與咒語、秘訣等聯係在一起,也就是說,草藥在她唱歌或誦經後才能發揮超能量。美狄亞可以進入位於冥界的忘川河(Lethe)附近的草地,她傳授給傑森往巨龍身上灑藥水的技巧,還教他背誦三遍咒語,不但可以催眠、並且令大海風平浪靜、奔流的河水變成死水一潭等這些都是神靈才擁有的魔力。美狄亞還在她的藥水裏加入了無生命的物質和動物身上的某些部位,比如,在幫助傑森的父親恢複青春時,她在草藥裏摻進了從遠處收集來的石頭和沙子、貓頭鷹的翅膀和其他部位、一隻活了九世的烏鴉的腦袋、狼人的內髒和唾沫等。通過這些詭異的細節,奧維德將她打造成了擁有超自然能力的陰險邪惡的女巫。

再來說說大力神赫拉克勒斯與妻子德伊阿妮拉的故事,他們的感情糾葛是這樣的:兩人新婚不久後橫渡一條大河,半人馬涅索斯將德伊阿妮拉馱在背上送她過河,走到河中心的時候要非禮她。赫拉克勒斯看到了,等他們上了岸,用毒箭射死了涅索斯。涅索斯為了複仇,臨死前要德伊阿妮拉收集自己的血液,欺騙她說,這些血如果塗在變心的男人的衣服上,會令他回心轉意。 後來德伊阿妮拉懷疑丈夫愛上了伊俄勒,她將那些血液塗在了一件罩衫上,讓仆人將這件有毒的罩衫交給了大力神。當他穿上它時,那些複仇的血液開始吞噬他的皮膚,而且衣服緊緊地黏在他的骨頭上,竟然無法脫去。最後,赫拉克勒斯自願選擇死去,他讓人為他建了一個柴堆,讓熊熊的烈火為他除去痛苦。

 

在獻給恩主梅塞納斯的頌歌裏,詩人賀拉斯認為味道刺鼻的大蒜就是美狄亞使用的毒藥。大蒜的殺傷力非常強大,連偉大的英雄赫拉克勒斯都無法抵擋熱辣蝕骨的痛苦。詩人勸誡梅塞納斯遠離大蒜。

古羅馬詩人維吉爾(Virgil, 公元前70年-公元前19年)的《牧歌》(Eclogues )第二卷,科瑞東唱:“喔,殘酷的亞曆克西斯,難道你不在意我的歌嗎?難懂你對我豪無仁慈,最終將我逼死?現在連牛都躲在了清涼的樹蔭裏,連那綠蜥蜴都躲在了灌木叢裏, 連特絲提力絲都在為炎暑中收割的人搗她的芬芳的野蒜和百裏香。而當我追尋著你的足跡,炙熱太陽下的那一小片叢林以尖銳的蟬聲重複著我的聲音。也許忍受阿瑪莉絲的怒氣和侮慢更好吧?也許梅納卡斯也不錯?盡管他黑了一些,而你的肌膚如雪。可愛的少年啊,不要過分自信你的容貌。白色的女貞花飄落後,暗色的風信子才被采收。”

O cruel Alexis, care you naught for my songs? Have you no pity for me? You will drive me at last to death. Now even the cattle court the cool shade; now even the green lizards hide in the brakes, and Thestylis pounds for the reapers, spent with the scorching heat, her savoury herbs of garlic and thyme. But as I track your footprints, the copses under the burning sun echo my voice with that of the shrill cicadas. Was it not better to brook Amaryllis’ sullen rage and scornful disdain? or Menalcas, though he was dark and you are fair? Ah, lovely boy, trust not too much to your bloom! The white privets fall, the dark hyacinths are culled!

歌中的特絲提力絲是一位農婦,正在為地裏割禾的農人準備以野蒜與百裏香為調味料的午餐。

 

盡管古希臘和古羅馬的貴族們拒絕食蒜,他們仍將大蒜視為一種備受讚譽的良藥。古希臘名醫希波克拉底(Hippocrates,公元前460年-前370年),古羅馬時期的軍醫迪奧斯科裏德斯(Dioscorides、公元40年-90年),以及古羅馬醫學家蓋倫(Galen, 公元129年-200年)都認為大蒜是萬靈藥,可以治療消化係統不適、腸道感染、高血壓,並且止疼、壯陽、延緩衰老等。

古羅馬博物學家和政治家老普林尼(Pliny the Elder ,公元2379)聲稱大蒜可以治療61種疾病,他在《自然史》第19卷第34章對大蒜做了如下介紹:

“人們(尤其居住在鄉間的人們)普遍認為大蒜可以治療多種疾病。大蒜外皮由精細的膜組成,作為蔬菜時,膜通常被丟棄;內有幾片蒜瓣,每片蒜瓣也有一層外皮。它的味道刺鼻,蒜瓣越多,味道就越刺激。和洋蔥一樣,它散發出令人討厭的氣味,但煮熟時異味就消失了。可以從不同的成熟期來鑒別大蒜種類,成熟期早的大蒜六十天內就可供使用。也可以從蒜頭的大小來區別品種。 Ulpicum,即被希臘人統稱為“塞浦路斯大蒜”的,就屬於此類,某些人叫它‘粘齒龍’,尤其在非洲的農村人口中享有崇高的美食地位。它的個頭大過普通大蒜,用油和醋攪打時,產生令人吃驚的大量的乳脂狀泡沫。

Garlic is generally supposed, in the country more particularly, to be a good specific for numerous maladies. The ex- ternal coat consists of membranes of remarkable fineness, which are universally discarded when the vegetable is used; the inner part being formed by the union of several cloves, each of which has also a separate coat of its own. The flavour of it is pungent, and the more numerous the cloves the more pungent it is. Like the onion, it imparts an offensive smell to the breath; but this is not the case when it is cooked. The various species of garlic are distinguished by the periods at which they ripen: the early kind becomes fit for use in sixty days. Another distinction, too, is formed by the relative size of the heads. Ulpicum, also, generally known to the Greeks as "Cyprian garlic," belongs to this class; by some persons it is called "antiscorodon," and in Africa more particularly it holds a high rank among the dishes of the rural population; it is of a larger size than ordinary garlic. When beaten up with oil and vinegar, it is quite surprising what a quantity of creaming foam is produced.

 

“有些人建議不要在平地上播種Ulpicum和大蒜,認為應當把它們種植在開挖的小土丘中,每個小土丘相距三英尺。他們建議,在每片蒜瓣之間應留有四個手指的距離,每次看到發出三片葉子,必須鋤蒜頭。鋤蒜頭的次數越多,收獲的尺寸就越大。當它們開始成熟時,莖杆向下彎曲,並被泥土覆蓋,這樣可以有效地預防葉子長出。在寒冷的土壤中,春季比秋季更適合播種。”

There are some persons who recommend that neither ulpicum nor garlic should be sown on level ground, but say that they should be planted in little mounds trenched up, at a distance of three feet apart. Between each clove, they say, there should be a distance of four fingers left, and as soon as ever three leaves are visible, the heads should be hoed; the oftener they are hoed, the larger the size they will attain. When they begin to ripen, the stalks are bent downwards, and covered over with earth, a precaution which effectually prevents them from running to leaf. In cold soils, it is considered better to plant them in spring than in autumn.

“為了消除所有這些植物的強烈氣味,建議在月亮位於地平線以下時種植大蒜,並在月亮與地球位置相近時進行收割。除了這些預防措施,我們還發現一位叫梅納德的希臘作家,他建議人們吃完大蒜後立即食用在煤火上烤熟的甜菜根,他認為這樣可以有效地消除大蒜的異味。有人認為岔路神節(52日)至農神節(1217日)期間是種植Ulpicum和大蒜的最佳時機。大蒜也可以從種子中生長出來,但在此情況下成熟非常緩慢。第一年,蒜頭與韭蔥頭一般大;第二年才分成蒜瓣;第三年蒜頭才成熟。但有些人認為以這種方式種植的大蒜是最好的。切勿讓大蒜結籽,應將大蒜莖幹扭曲,以促進大蒜生長和形成更大的蒜頭。”

For the purpose of depriving all these plants of their strong smell, it is recommended to set them when the moon is below the horizon, and to take them up when she is in conjunction. Independently of these precautions, we find Menander, one of the Greek writers, recommending those who have been eating garlic to eat immediately afterwards a root of beet roasted on hot coals; if this is done, he says, the strong smell of the garlic will be effectually neutralized. Some persons are of opinion, that the proper period for planting garlic and ulpicum is between the festival of the Compitalia and that of the Saturnalia. Garlic, too, can be grown from seed, but it is very slow, in such case, in coming to maturity; for in the first year, the head attains the size only of that of a leek, in the second, it separates into cloves, and only in the third it arrives at maturity; there are some, however, who think that garlic grown this way is the best. Garlic should never be allowed to run to seed, but the stalk should be twisted, to promote its growth, and to make the head attain a larger size.

“如果打算將大蒜或洋蔥保存一段時間,則應將頭部浸入鹽水中,使其溫熱;如此一來,雖然失去了繁殖功能,但可以更好地保存。有些人滿足於將它們掛在燃燒的煤上方,並認為這足以防止它們發芽:眾所周知,大蒜和洋蔥離開地麵時會發芽,發出幼芽後它們就幹癟了。也有人認為,保存大蒜的最佳方法是將其存儲在糠中。有一種大蒜在田間自發生長,被稱為“ alum”。(注:瑞典的植物學家林奈將其命名為Allium oleraceum)。為了保護落在那裏的種子不被無情的鳥類啄食,該植株先被煮熟,散落在地麵上,以防止其發芽。鳥兒們一旦吃了該植物,就會變得遲鈍,甚至可以用手將它們捉住。它們如果在原地呆了片刻,就會很快入睡。還有一種野蒜,通常被稱為“熊蒜”(注:林奈將其命名為Allium ursinum),味如小米,蒜頭很小,葉子很大。”

If garlic or onions are wanted to keep some time, the heads should be dipped in salt water, made luke-warm; by doing this, they will be all the better for keeping, though quite worthless for reproduction. Some persons content themselves with hanging them over burning coals, and are of opinion that this is quite sufficient to prevent them from sprouting: for it is a well-known fact, that both garlic and onions sprout when out of the ground, and that after throwing out their thin shoots they shrivel away to nothing. Some persons are of opinion, too, that the best way of keeping garlic is by storing it in chaff. There is a kind of garlic that grows spontaneously in the fields, and is known by the name of "alum." To preserve the seeds that are sown there from the remorseless ravages of the birds, this plant is scattered over the ground, being first boiled, to prevent it from shooting. As soon as ever they have eaten of it, the birds become so stupefied as to be taken with the hand even, and if they remain but a few moments only on the spot, they fall fast asleep. There is a wild garlic, too, generally known as "bear's" garlic; it has exactly the smell of millet, with a very small head and large leaves.

[ 打印 ]
閱讀 ()評論 (0)
評論
目前還沒有任何評論
登錄後才可評論.