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親愛的,你要永遠記得我:莎士比亞的迷迭香

(2020-07-17 10:27:54) 下一個

(五)莎士比亞的迷迭香

花園是莎士比亞戲劇中非常重要的主題。他擁有豐富的花草知識,對它們的用途和含義了如指掌。有人做了統計,莎士比亞戲劇中大約出現了29個花園場景,有的是爛漫點綴,有的烘托喜劇氣氛,某些角色甚至在花園裏討論政治話題和國家的命運。有時莎翁特地把幾個人物同時放在花園裏,他們躲在花樹下,以為對方看不見,互相竊聽談話,並產生了誤解,由此引起戲劇衝突。

迷迭香是莎翁筆下的一種重要香花,出現在以下幾部戲劇中:

《冬天的故事》(The Winter's Tale)第四幕第4場,女主人公珀迪塔(Perdita)對卡米洛(Camillo  ,波西米亞國王身邊的臣子)說:“歡迎您,先生。多卡斯,把那些花給我。尊敬的先生,這是送給你們的迷迭香和芸香,它們的外觀和顏色在整個冬季都不會消散。願你們承蒙上天的恩典,永被世人銘記。歡迎來我們的剪羊毛盛會!”

(PERDITA

To CAMILLO

You’re welcome, sir.

Give me those flowers there, Dorcas. Reverend sirs,

For you there’s rosemary and rue; these keep

Seeming and savour all the winter long:

Grace and remembrance be to you both,

And welcome to our shearing!)

她用這兩種冬天的花來襯托來賓的年紀。迷迭香的花語之一是“紀念”,芸香在中世紀象征著“恩典草藥”(Herb of Grace),所以她祝願兩位來賓“承蒙上天的恩典,永被世人銘記。”

 

《泰爾親王配力克裏斯》(Pericles, Prince of Tyre)中,配力克裏斯的女兒瑪麗娜(Marina)被海盜抓走,賣給了一家妓院。瑪麗娜決心保持自己的貞潔,聰明的她很會說話,每一個抱著不潔意圖來的嫖客都被她慷慨激昂的話語“清洗”,變得“高尚”起來,粉碎了妓院老板的如意算盤。老板娘鴇婦(Bawd)惱羞成怒,命手下鮑爾特(Boult)強奸瑪麗娜,並且說:“她在祈禱;帶她走!但願她從未曾走進這間房子。該死的!她要毀了我們。你不想做女人做的事嗎?過來,瑪麗,我的貞潔小餡餅配迷迭香和月桂葉!)

She conjures: away with her! Would she had never come within my doors! Marry, hang you! She's born to undo us. Will you not go the way of women-kind? Marry, come up, my dish of chastity with rosemary and bays!

莎士比亞在這出戲裏給妓院的老板和老板娘分別起名PanderBawd, Pander的字麵意思為皮條客(Pimp), Bawd的字麵含義為“鴇婦”,符合兩位人物的身份。他們唯利是圖言談粗鄙,為該劇增添了不少笑料。鴇婦將處女瑪麗娜比作“貞潔小餡餅配迷迭香和月桂葉”,反應了當時人們把迷迭香和月桂葉放在一起調味肉食的烹飪習慣。

我在網站上查到古歐洲的聖誕節有這樣一個儀式:宴席的頭盤菜是一個烹製好的野豬頭,擺在大盤子裏,豬頭上裝飾著迷迭香和月桂葉。在莊嚴的音樂伴奏聲中,這道菜被隆重地擺放在餐桌上。從15世紀以來,還有一首專門關於這個儀式的頌歌:

“我手捧著野豬頭,

以月桂葉和迷迭香裝飾,

我祈禱,我的主人,祝你快樂。

The boar's head in hand I bear,

Bedecked with bays and rosemary,

And I pray you, my masters, be merry

 

據我所知,野豬頭

是這片土地上最稀有的一道菜

必須用開心的花環來裝飾

The boar's head, as I understand,

Is the rarest dish in all this land,

Which thus bedeck'd with a gay garland

 

鴇婦眼裏的處女瑪麗娜奇貨可居,“貞潔小餡餅配迷迭香和月桂葉”暗喻她的貞節是可以被“消費”的。但大多數的中國讀者不理解這句話的文化含義,中文版翻譯成“我的三貞九烈的好姑娘”,實乃絕妙。

莎士比亞通過他的諸多戲劇作品表達了一個觀點:美德是女人最重要的品質。盡管其他作品中的女性角色也一直在竭盡全力地保持貞節,但堅定和機智如瑪麗娜的並不常見。她成功地說服了每一個接近她的嫖客,讓對方也“高尚”起來,放棄了非分之想。她的美德是如此堅不可摧,並釋放出強大的能量,排除了生活中的種種障礙,終於一家人幸福地團聚。

《哈姆雷特》第四幕第五場,處於瘋癲狀態的奧菲莉亞(Ophelia)說:“這是迷迭香,代表紀念。請記住,愛。這是三色堇,代表思想。”(There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember. And there is pansies, that’s for thoughts.

迷迭香在婚禮和葬禮上使用,象征著紀念、友誼和忠誠(fidelity)。當奧菲莉亞拿出迷迭香時,觀眾們就明白她的結局是死亡。

 

《羅密歐與朱麗葉》中有兩處提到了迷迭香:

第二幕第四場,朱麗葉的乳母與羅密歐之間的一段對話:

乳母:“天上的上帝保佑您!聽著,先生”。

NURSE

Now God in heaven bless thee! Hark you, sir.

 

羅密歐:“你想說什麽,我親愛的奶媽?”

ROMEO

What sayst thou, my dear Nurse?

 

乳母:您那仆人可以保守秘密嗎?您沒聽過這樣的說法,‘兩個人可以合謀把一個人收起來’”?

NURSE

Is your man secret? Did you ne'er hear say,

Two may keep counsel, putting one away”?

 

羅密歐:“我向您保證,我的仆人像鋼鐵一樣牢靠”。

ROMEO

Warrant thee, my man’s as true as steel.

 

乳母:“好吧,先生,我家小姐是最可愛的姑娘。— 主啊,主啊,當她還是個小嬰兒的時候,哦,這座城市裏有一個貴族,一個叫帕利斯的人,很樂意娶到她。朱麗葉寧願看著蟾蜍,也不願看著他。有時候我會說帕利斯比您更合適,這使她生氣。當我這麽說時,我發誓,她的麵色看起來好蒼白。羅斯瑪麗和羅密歐不是同樣一個字開頭嗎?”

NURSE

Well, sir, my mistress is the sweetest lady.—Lord, Lord! when ’twas a little prating thing.—Oh, there is a nobleman in town, one Paris, that would fain lay knife aboard, but she, good soul, had as lief see a toad, a very toad, as see him. I anger her sometimes and tell her that Paris is the properer man. But, I’ll warrant you, when I say so, she looks as pale as any clout in the versal world. Doth not rosemary and Romeo begin both with a letter?

 

羅密歐:“是的,奶媽,那該怎麽辦?都是羅字起頭的”。

ROMEO

Ay, Nurse, what of that? Both with an R.

 

乳母:“啊,您開玩笑呢,那是狗的名字。羅’代表 那個-不對,我知道它以另一個字開頭。她用最美的話語來說你和羅斯瑪麗,您聽了一定會喜歡”。

NURSE

Ah, mocker, that’s the dog’s name. R is for the—No, I know it begins with some other letter, and she hath the prettiest sententious of it, of you and rosemary, that it would do you good to hear it.

估計朱麗葉的乳母識字不多,也不識香花,不知道如何拚讀羅斯瑪麗(rosemary),還以為是狗的名字。朱麗葉將羅斯瑪麗(即迷迭香)與羅密歐聯係在一起,說這兩個詞都以 “R”起頭,暗示羅密歐和迷迭香一樣的忠誠。

第四幕第五場,人們都以為朱麗葉已經死了,勞倫斯神甫與凱普萊特有一段對話:

勞倫斯:“安靜點,太可恥了!解決混亂的方法不是大喊大叫。您和上天共同創造了這個美麗的孩子,現在天堂有了她。她在一個更好的地方。你無法阻止她有一天死去,但是天堂會給她永恒的生命。您最希望的是讓她嫁的好,有一個美滿的前途,這就是您的天堂。看見她已在高高的雲端,和天堂一樣高,您哭了?哦,這就是你們對孩子變態的愛,看到她享受幸福,你們卻瘋了。與其嫁的不好,長命百歲,不如早逝卻嫁的好。擦幹眼淚,然後將迷迭香放在這具美麗的屍體上。並且,按照習俗,把她穿著盛裝抬到教堂去。雖然天性讓我們悲痛,但這些天性的眼淚卻是值得高興的”。

FRIAR LAWRENCE

Peace, ho, for shame! Confusion’s cure lives not

In these confusions. Heaven and yourself

Had part in this fair maid. Now heaven hath all,

And all the better is it for the maid.

Your part in her you could not keep from death,

But heaven keeps his part in eternal life.

The most you sought was her promotion,

For ’twas your heaven she should be advanced.

And weep ye now, seeing she is advanced

Above the clouds, as high as heaven itself?

Oh, in this love, you love your child so ill

That you run mad, seeing that she is well.

She’s not well married that lives married long,

But she’s best married that dies married young.

Dry up your tears and stick your rosemary

On this fair corse, and, as the custom is,

And in her best array, bear her to church.

For though some nature bids us all lament,

Yet nature’s tears are reason’s merriment.

凱普萊特:我們為婚禮準備的所有一切,現在都將用於葬禮。我們的樂器變成了憂傷的喪鍾,快樂的婚宴變成了悲哀的喪席。我們莊嚴的讚美詩變成沉痛的挽歌,我們的新娘花將掩埋屍體,一切都用於相反的目的”。

CAPULET

All things that we ordained festival

Turn from their office to black funeral.

Our instruments to melancholy bells,

Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast.

Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,

Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse,

And all things change them to the contrary.

 

原本用於婚禮的迷迭香,最後用在了朱麗葉的葬禮上。

《李爾王》(Lear)的第二幕第三場,扮成乞丐並化名為湯姆·白德蘭 (Tom Bedlam)的愛德伽(Edgar)(葛羅斯特伯爵的兒子)有一段獨白:

“我聽說他們已經發告示通緝我,我躲在空心的樹幹裏,逃過了追捕。每一個港口和地方都戒備森嚴,等著抓我。 但是我會盡力而為,我已決定將自己偽裝成人類有史以來最低賤,最為人輕視的,與禽獸相差無幾的乞丐。我將用汙垢塗抹我的臉,戴上纏腰布,頭發亂蓬蓬的糾結在一起,幾乎赤身裸體,對抗惡劣的天氣。我曾經見過瘋人院的乞丐,他們大聲叫喊,將銷子、木錐、釘子和迷迭香樹枝紮在他們麻木的變形的手臂上。用這種可怕的形狀到那些窮苦的農場、村莊、羊棚和磨坊,有時發出瘋子般的怒吼,有時祈禱,乞求一點布施。可憐的瘋叫化子!’可伶的湯姆!’ - 至少是這樣。作為埃德加我什麽都不是”。

EDGAR

I heard myself proclaimed,

And by the happy hollow of a tree

Escaped the hunt. No port is free, no place

That guard and most unusual vigilance

Does not attend my taking. Whiles I may ’scape,

I will preserve myself, and am bethought

To take the basest and most poorest shape

That ever penury in contempt of man

Brought near to beast. My face I’ll grime with filth,

Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots,

And with presented nakedness outface

The winds and persecutions of the sky.

The country gives me proof and precedent

Of Bedlam beggars, who with roaring voices

Strike in their numbed and mortified bare arms

Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary,

And with this horrible object from low farms,

Poor pelting villages, sheepcotes, and mills,

Sometime with lunatic bans, sometime with prayers,

Enforce their charity. “Poor Turlygod!” “Poor Tom!”—

That’s something yet. Edgar I nothing am.

(注:Turlygod 是對瘋叫花子的稱呼,大概是從“Turlupin”這個名字演化而來的,Turlupin指的是14世紀由一群赤裸的乞丐組成的幫會)

在古歐洲,人們認為隨身攜帶一枝迷迭香可以辟邪,這個習俗很普遍,連叫花子都將迷迭香枝紮在胳膊上。

第二次世界大戰後,《李爾王》被普遍公認為是莎士比亞最偉大的作品,其特色在於探究人類的不幸和親屬之間的關係。蕭伯納曾寫道:“沒有人可以寫出比‘李爾’更加悲慘的戲劇了。”

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雪中梅 回複 悄悄話 欣賞和學習了,平安是福。
空中璿子 回複 悄悄話 迷迭香,我也很喜歡,可你為創作,美好!
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