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盛開在油墨香裏的水仙花:古希臘人的顏色感

(2020-05-06 13:50:34) 下一個

(四)維吉爾的水仙花

維吉爾(Virgil,公元前70年–公元前19年)是第一個在詩歌中提到水仙花的古羅馬詩人。他的《農事詩》中有幾處描寫了水仙:

第四卷第一章:

“確實,那已經接近我任務的極限了,我揚起風帆,調轉船頭,匆忙朝著陸地方向駛去。我也許還會唱歌安慰自己,並在甲板上種滿鮮花,帕埃斯坦陶土花壇裏種的是重瓣玫瑰,菊苣快樂地飲著小溪流裏的水,堤岸邊的香芹綠意蔥蔥。彎彎的西葫蘆膨脹起來,躺在草叢裏。也沒有讓遲開花的水仙、卷曲的老鼠簕的嫩芽、蒼白的常春藤和熱愛海岸的香桃木保持沉默。”

And truly, but that already nearing my task’s final limit I furl my sails and hasten to turn my prow to land, perchance I might also sing of the care and keeping that deck the rich garden mould, and of the Paestan rosebeds with their double blossoming, and how the endive rejoices in drinking the rill and the banks are green with parsley, and how the curved gourd swells bellying along the grass, nor had kept silence of the late-flowering narcissus or the shoot of the curled acanthus and pale ivy-sprays and the myrtles that love the shore.

啊,好一派美妙的自然風光。整部《農事詩》中,我相信維吉爾最偏愛的是第四卷,因為他寫的是自己富有實踐經驗且最感興趣的養蜂。第四卷的開篇,他用了幾十行詩句來討論蜂房位置的選擇,寫得細致入微,讀起來充滿了情趣。他又寫到了蜂群的社會結構:

“它們獨自擁有兒童社區和一個邦聯城市,並在莊嚴的法製下度過一生;它們了解自己的國家和家庭中的眾神,並且考慮到冬天的到來,它們在夏天不停地工作,把所獲放在一個公共的店裏。根據聯盟的命令,某些蜜蜂辛勤地提供食物並在田野間勞動;一些蜜蜂在堅固的房屋中用水仙花的眼淚和粘粘的樹脂造起了第一根基礎,並在上麵貼著蠟牆;其他一些蜜蜂擠出純淨的蜜,用甜蜜的液體填充著巢房”。

Alone they have community of children and shelter of a confederate city, and spend their life under majesty of law; alone they know a native country and established gods of the household, and, mindful of winter's coming, they ply their summer task and lay up their gatherings in a common store. For some are diligent to provide food, and labour in the fields by ordinance of the league; others within their fortified houses lay the combs' first foundations with tear of narcissus and sticky resin of bark, and hang thereon the clinging waxen walls: some guide forth the grown brood, their nation's hope; others press down the pure virgin honey and brim the cells with liquid sweets.

詩歌中的“水仙花的眼淚”(tear of narcissus)指的是水仙花的副冠。

(紅口水仙)

維吉爾擅長在描寫古羅馬田園風光和鄉土勞動的同時穿插許多精彩的神話傳說,行文優美,讀起來如癡如醉。

維吉爾的另一部詩集《牧歌》(Eclogues)也三次提到了水仙花,如下:

第二卷:

“到這兒來吧,俊美的孩子;看吧,仙女們為你帶來了一整個籃子的百合花; 為你,美麗的水泉仙女采來淺色的紫香堇和罌粟頭,把水仙花和芬芳的茴香花放在一起,用蠟葉芫花和其它香草將它們纏繞,然後把柔軟的風信子和金色的萬壽菊放在一起。我要親自采集有著灰白色柔毛的榲桲和阿瑪瑞莉絲曾經鍾愛的栗子。還有蠟李,讓它也享受榮耀。你,哦,月桂,我也要采來,還有你,月桂的鄰居香桃木,把你們混在一起香氣更加迷人”。

(注:蠟李,即Prunus domestica var. cerea,是古羅馬時期的一種嫁接李,果實比較小,但味道不錯。)

Come hither, lovely boy! See, for you the Nymphs bring lilies in heaped-up baskets; for you the fair Naiad, plucking pale violets and poppy heads, blends narcissus and sweet-scented fennel flower; then, twining them with cassia and other sweet herbs, sets off the delicate hyacinth with the golden marigold. My own hands will gather quinces, pale with tender down, and chestnuts, which my Amaryllis loved. Waxen plums I will add – this fruit, too, shall have its honour. You too, O laurels, I will pluck, and you, their neighbour myrtle, for so placed you blend sweet fragrance.

第五卷:

“通常在我們播撒大麥種子的地方, 無情的毒麥和不育的燕麥瘋長。看不見柔嫩的紫香堇,看不見耀眼的水仙花,隻有薊草和荊棘挺直著身板”。

Often in the furrows, to which we entrusted the big barley grains, luckless darnel springs up and barren oat straws. Instead of the soft violet, instead of the gleaming narcissus, the thistle rises up and the sharp-spiked thorn.

第八卷:

“那麽就讓狼從羊群前麵逃開吧,讓強壯的橡樹上掛著金色的蘋果,讓水仙花在赤楊上綻放, 讓怪柳的樹皮上滲透出濃厚的琥珀, 讓貓頭鷹與天鵝相媲美,讓提屠魯斯(希臘傳說中的怪獸)成為奧菲厄斯(希臘神話中傳奇的音樂家、詩人和先知)- 成為林子裏的奧菲厄斯,或海豚群裏的阿裏昂(希臘神話中的不朽駿馬)。 從我開始吧,我的笛子,奏起那邁那魯(注:古希臘的一個小鎮)的歌謠”。

Now let the wolf even flee before the sheep, let rugged oaks bear golden apples, let alders bloom with daffodils, let tamarisks distil rich amber from their bark, let owls, too, vie with swans, let Tityrus be an Orpheus – an Orpheus in the woods, an Arion among the dolphins!Begin with me, my flute, a song of Maenalus!

我在閱讀的過程中,發現《牧歌》第五卷對水仙花的敘述有兩種英文譯本。第一種版本的詩句是“instead of gleaming narcissus”,用“gleaming”(耀眼)來形容水仙花潔白的花瓣,而另一個版本則是“in lieu of the empurpled narcissus”,表明水仙花是紫色(empurpled)的。

稍微有一點常識的人都知道世界上沒有紫色的水仙花,是不是維吉爾寫錯了呢?可是如果你參考老普林尼(公元23年-79年)的著作《自然史》(Natural History)第21卷第75章的水仙篇,他分明寫到:“有兩種水仙在醫學中使用,一種帶有紫色的花,另一種是草本水仙。”( Two varieties of the narcissus are employed in medicine, the one with a purple flower, and the herbaceous narcissus.)維吉爾與老普林尼的生活軌跡隻相差幾十年,況且老普林尼是博物學家,他總不會也搞錯了吧?

這到底是怎麽一回事呢?英國近代著名學者約翰·薩格恩特 (John Sargeaunt , 1857–1922)在他的研究著作《維吉爾的樹、灌木和植物》(The Trees, Shrubs and Plants of Virgil1920年出版)做了解釋。現將部分原文翻譯如下:

“顏色感,尤其是紅和藍的色感似乎在人類曆史上發展得相當晚。除了沒有確切的詞匯來形容毛茛(buttercup)花瓣的閃亮的黃色,當時的人們對黃色調還是有比較明確的認知的。番紅花黃(注:拉丁語croceus,意為saffron yellow)有兩種顏色,來自番紅花柱頭的顏色(注:尖端偏紅色或暗紅色,而下部是黃色)。草木樨黃(注:拉丁語luteusluteolus,類似於今天的檸檬黃)來自於用黃花木犀草(注:Weld,學名Reseda luteola)製成的染料。無論是番紅花黃還是木犀草黃,都帶著一點橙色調。但維吉爾在某處詩文裏把兩種顏色合二為一,說成saffron weld (番紅花木犀草黃)。 Luteum 一詞用來形容蛋黃的顏色, flavus(注:拉丁語,即金黃色) 一詞通常用來形容成熟的玉米田,有時也形容黃沙,赤褐色的頭發和金子。即使我們認為金子是“紅金色”(red gold)的,金子也被形容為黃褐色的(fulvum)。其實fulvum的色調更像是獅子身上的黃褐色毛皮,或者稍淺一點的紅色狼皮。 gilvus,是淺褐色,用來形容馬匹。”

The colour sense, especially in reds and blues, seems to have developed rather late in man's history. The yellows are fairly clear, except that there seems to be no word which clearly indicates the shining yellow of the buttercup. Both croceus, which comes from the stigmata of the saffron crocus, and luteus or luteolus, which come from the dye of weld, seem to have a dash of orange in them. Virgil in one place combines them and speaks of saffron weld. The yolk of an egg was always called luteum. Then comes flavus, which is used most of fields of ripe corn, but also of the yellow sands, an auburn head of hair, and gold. Gold is also called fulvum, much as we speak of red gold ; for of this hue is the tawny hide of the lion, and even the less red hide of the wolf. Last is gilvus, which is dun, and is used of a horse.

(番紅花黃)

(草木樨黃)

(flavus, 金黃色)

(fulvum,黃褐色)

(gilvus, 淺褐色,專門用來形容馬匹)

“然後是白色和黑色。很明顯的,維吉爾搞不清“Candidus”(注:拉丁語,白花花的意思)與“albus“(注:拉丁語,白色)的區別,用這兩個詞來形容同一個物體。“Candidus”的原意是‘白熱’,指‘耀眼閃光的白色’,但維吉爾用這個詞來形容胡須和白楊樹的顏色。除非用於隱喻,他也無法區分ater(注:拉丁語,暗黑、黑乎乎的意思)和niger(注:拉丁語,亮黑的意思),確切的說,ater是木炭的顏色。他還把黑白兩色的概念伸展應用。比如他形容兩個西西裏人,他說一個是黑人,另一個是白人。一朵黑色的花的顏色未必比紫色更暗。在某些情況下,他的白即‘顏色沒那麽黑’,黑即‘色彩沒那麽白’”。

Then there are white and black. It seems clear that Virgil does not distinguish candidus and albus, for he applies them both to the same objects. The original meaning of candidus was white hot, and it therefore implies a shining white, but Virgil applies it to a beard and a poplar-tree. Nor can it be made out that he distinguishes ater and niger except in metaphorical uses. Properly ater seems to be the colour of charcoal. There is also a wide extension both of black and of white. Of two Sicilians one is called black and the other white. A black flower need be no darker than violet, and we may say that in some contexts white means little more than not black and black little more than not white.

“最糟糕的是‘purpureas’(注:拉丁語,紫色)和‘ferrugineus’(注:拉丁語,鏽紅色)這兩個詞的用法。用來形容花草時,前者的意思是色彩不那麽明亮。這和用來形容年輕人自身光彩的‘lumen iuventae’如出一轍(注:lumen,拉丁語,形容透過窗子的光線, iuventae,拉丁語,指年輕人)。與維吉爾同時代的人用這個詞來形容雪色。我沒有發現維吉爾用過暗色調,即使他在形容一個人遭遇暴力死亡而魂飛魄散的情形,也沒有用暗色調的詞匯。另一方麵,‘ferrugineus’一詞最初是用來形容鐵鏽的顏色,確實蘊含著暗色調的,維吉爾卻用這個詞來形容泰利安紫(Tyrian purple,即帝王紫)。他也用這個詞來形容因日全食引起的黑暗和卡戎的船隻顏色。(注:卡戎是希臘神話中冥河的船夫,負責將死者渡過冥河)。普勞圖斯(注:古羅馬劇作家,約前254年-前184年,)作品中的一個角色告訴我們ferrugineus也是海的顏色,因為海水會顯現諸多顏色,他的說法也沒錯。看來羅馬人可能將這個單詞用來形容含有暗紅色調的顏色。當維吉爾寫風信子時,用“ferrugineos Hyacinthos”來形容,我們不能將紅色調從花色中排除。

Worst of all are the two words purpureas and ferrugineus. As applied to flowers, the former appears to mean no more than bright, a meaning which it retains when applied to the light of youth — ' lumen iuventae.' A contemporary of Virgil applied the epithet to snow, and I cannot see that Virgil ever uses it of a dark hue, not even when he applies it to the breath or soul leaving the body in a violent death. On the other hand, ferrugineus, which must originally have signified the colour of iron rust, does connote some darkness, and clearly Virgil uses it of Tyrian purple. He also uses it of the darkness that comes over the sun in an eclipse and of Charon's boat. A character in Plautus tells us that it is the colour of the sea, and as the sea displays so many colours he was doubtless in part right. It seems, however, that none of these uses would make it impossible for a Roman to apply the word to some shade of red. On the hyacinthus we cannot rule reds out on the ground that Virgil writes of ' ferrugineos hyacinthos.'

“另一個困難在於我們並不總是確定維吉爾的稱謂是指整朵花或著花朵的一部分,是單指植物的花,還是也包含了植株的一部分,如葉子等。對於拉丁人來說,罌粟最重要的部分是種子,因為種子很小,所以維吉爾寫成‘小罌粟’,盡管整棵植株會長得比一個男子還高。再次,正如我們在泰奧弗拉斯托斯(Theophrastus,古希臘哲學家和科學家,約公元前371年-公元前287年)的著作中讀到的,花的雄蕊和雌蕊夠大時,就視為花中的第二朵花。古希臘人就是這樣來描述百合與玫瑰的。因此,當維吉爾寫‘purpureo narcisso' (紫色的水仙花),在我看來,他是指白色閃亮的外花被;但某些人認為他似乎在說水仙花的杯狀物(注:副冠),阿坎蓋利稱之為‘猩紅色的’,尼科爾森的說法更確切一些,認為那是‘猩紅色的邊緣’”。

Another difficulty is that we are not always sure whether Virgil's epithet applies to the whole of a blossom or part of it, whether to the blossom at all or to the leaves or some other part. Sometimes we can see him using an epithet as we should not. Thus to a Latin the important part of a poppy is the seeds, and, because the seeds are small, Virgil writes of the small poppy, though the plant will out-top a man. Again, as we see in Theophrastus, when the stamens and pistils of a flower were large they were regarded as a second flower within the other. The Greek writes thus, for instance, of the lily and the rose. Thus when Virgil writes ‘ purpureo narcisso ' he seems to me to refer to the shining white of the outer perianth ; but to some he seems to speak of the cup, which Arcangeli calls scarlet, and Nicholson, perhaps more correctly, scarlet-edged.

我並非學美術出身,也是植物學的門外漢,但我從專家學者的考證中得出了這樣的結論:幾千年前人類眼中的色彩遠不如當今世界豐富,人們對色彩的認知是一個漸進的過程。隨著20世紀初便宜的合成染料推向市場,我們眼中的色彩越來越豐富,科學知識的發展也使今人對植物和色彩的描述有了一定的科學規範性。我們翻譯古典作品時,不可能期望古人擁有相同的認知,必須基於當時的曆史環境和文明程度,對他們的描述作出正確的判斷,而不是簡單地以為古人犯了常識性錯誤。維吉爾在《牧歌》裏寫的應該是紅口水仙,淺杯狀的副冠邊緣有橙紅或深紅色的皺褶。維吉爾用“purpureo”一詞來形容“杯口”的深色調。

同樣的道理,《荷馬詩頌》裏的那句“還有水仙花,寬廣的大地使它長成番紅花那樣的黃色”(and the narcissus which the wide earth caused to grow yellow as a crocus),說的不是黃水仙和黃色番紅花。我在前文中已經提到過了,詩歌中的水仙指的是花瓣潔白的多花水仙。地中海和西亞一帶的野生番紅花大多擁有淺藍、紫藍色、深紫色的花瓣,偶有白色和黃色花瓣品種。古希臘和羅馬作家筆下的黃色番紅花指的是碩大的橙黃色花柱,在他們眼裏,雄蕊(或雌蕊)夠大,就是花中的第二朵花,故所有的番紅花都是黃色的。多花水仙的淺杯狀副冠是橙黃色或黃色的,很引人注目,也算是“花中花”,故水仙花也是黃色的,與番紅花的花柱顏色相似。

(多花水仙)

(番紅花)

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