直接引語與間接引語

直接引語是指原封不動的引述原話，把它放在引號裏。間接引語是用自己的話來轉述別人的話，沒有引號。這兩種引語都是複合句中的賓語從句，但由祈使句變來的間接引語除外。

1、直接引語變間接引語時，人稱、時態、指示代詞、時間和地點狀語及某些動詞要用相應的變化。其變化如下：

（1）、人稱變化與漢語相同。如：

She said," I went to see Mr. Liu yesterday. 她說:“我昨天看過了劉老師”。

She said that she had gone to see Mr. Liu the day before. 她說她昨天看過劉老師了。

（2）、時態的變化列表如下：

直接引語

間接引語

一般過去時：  She said, "my mother took me to an exhibition yesterday." 她說，“我母親昨天帶我去看了展覽。”	過去完成時：  She said that her mother had taken her to an exhibition the day before. 她說她媽媽前一天帶她去看了展覽。
過去完成時：  "Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?" her mother asked her. “你是做完作業才看電視的嗎？”她的媽媽問她。	過去完成時：  Her mother asked her if (whether) she had finished her homework before she watched TV. 她的媽媽問她是不是完成了作業才看電視。

一般將來時：  "I will come to see you tonight," she said to him. 她跟他說，“我今晚去看你”。	過去將來時：  She told him that she would go to see him that night. 她跟他說，她當天晚上去看他。
現在（過去）完成進行時：  He said, "I have been coming to see you for ages." 他說，”我好久都一直想來看你。“ "What had she been eating?" the doctor asked. “她吃什麽來著？” 醫生問。	過去完成進行時：  He said that he had been coming to see me for ages. 他說他好久都一直想來看我。 The doctor asked what she had been eating. 醫生問她吃什麽來著。

但是，要注意以下的情況：

（A）、主句的謂語動詞是現在時或將來時，間接引語的時態與原來直接引語的時態一樣，不必改變。如：

She says, "I will have finished my homework by myself." 她說，“我一定要獨立完成作業。”

She says that she will have finished her homework by herself.

The businessman will say, "I have paid for it." 那位商人肯定會說，“我已經付款了。”

The businessman will say that he has paid for it.

（B）、直接引語說的是科學真理、格言時，無論主句用何種時態，間接引語仍用一般時。如：

The geography teacher said, "the sun rises in the east and sets in the west." 地理老師說，“太陽從東邊升起，在西邊落下。”

The geography teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

（C）、直接引語帶有表示純屬過去的時間狀語時，間接引語仍然保持一般過去時，而不改為過去完成時。如：

The old man said, "I joined the Red Army in 1934." 那位老人說，“我1934年參加紅軍”。

The old man said that he joined the Red Army in 1934.

（3）、指示代詞、時間和地點狀語及方向性動詞的變化如下：

	直接引語	間接引語
指示代詞	this	that
	these	those

時間狀語	now	then
	today	that day
	this morning (afternoon)	that morning (afternoon)
	tonight	that night
	yesterday	the day before
	last night	the night before
	the day before yesterday	two days before
	the day after tomorrow	in two days
	ago	before
	tomorrow	the next (following) day
	next week (year...)	the next week (year...)
地點狀語	here	there

方向性動詞	come	go
	bring	take

2、各類句子變為間接引語的要點：

（1）、直接引語是陳述句時，間接引語用that來引導。主句一般位於句首，其謂語動詞通常是 say; tell; think; repeat; answer;

reply; explain 等。實際是主句含賓語從句，一律必須跟一個賓格代詞或表示人的名詞，再跟 that 從句。如：

"I am leaving for Beijing the day after tomorrow," he said to his son. 他對他的兒子說：“我後天要去北京了。”

He told his son that he was leaving for Beijing in two days.

（2）、直接引語是疑問句時，要先將主句的 said 或 told 改為 asked, 引語將疑問句語序改為陳述句語序，句末用逗號。若直接引語是一般疑問句或反意疑問句時，要將問句改為 if 或 whether 引導的賓語從句。若是選擇疑問句時，須用 whether (不用 if)...or 引導賓語從句。凡是疑問句的直接引語均不可用 that 來引導。如：

"Are you from London?" the teacher said to me. （直接引語）

The teacher asked me whether (if) I am from London. (間接引語）

"Will you stay at school or go home this summer vacation, Xiao Chen?" said the teacher.“ 小陳，今年暑假你留校還是回家？”老師問。（直接引語）

The teacher asked Xiao Chen whether he would stay at school or went home that summer vacation. （間接引語）

（3）、直接引語是祈使句時，變成間接引語首先要將主句的謂語按原文口氣改為 asked; told; advised; ordered; begged; commanded; warned, 然後將祈使句的謂語動詞變為不定式，成為賓語補足語的結構。即：主語 + asked (advised...) + sb. +   (not)  to do sth.

"Copy down this sentence and keep it in mind, please."  said the old teacher.  “把它抄下來，並記住它。” 那位老師說。（直接引語）

The old teacher told us to copy down that sentence and keep it in mind. （間接引語）

"Do not do it again, boys."  said the old man. “別再做那種事，男孩子們。” 那個長輩說。

The old man advised the boys not to do that again. （間接引語）

有些表示 “提議、建議、要求、勸告” 等的祈使句，尤其是 Let 引導的祈使句，改為間接引語時可用 suggest, insist, offer 等動詞或 “should + 動詞原形加以轉述。如：

"Let's have a cup of milk," said the young man. “我們喝杯牛奶吧。” 這位年輕人說。（直接引語）

The young man suggested having a cup of milk. （間接引語）

= The young man suggested that we should have a cup of milk.

"Stay here for dinner," my aunt said over and over. “在這吃飯吧。”我的姑媽反複地說。（直接引語）

My aunt insisted on my staying for dinner. = My aunt insisted that I should stay there for dinner. （間接引語）

（4）、直接引語是感歎句時，可用 what 和 how, 也可以用 that 引導。如：

"What a lovely day it is today." said the visitor. “今天天氣多好啊！” 遊客說。（直接引語）

The visitor said what a lovely day it was that day. = The visitor said that it was a lovely day that day. (間接引語）

 注：1、本文源自百度。
          2、有練習題正在成型中。稍後登出，供分享。