英語高級聽力 06 課 （譯文及圖片）

Lesson Six

Section One: News in Brief

1. The Senate has voted to override President Reagan's veto of sanctions against South Africa by a decisive seventy-eight to twenty-one. As the House has already voted to override, the sanctions now become law. NPR's Linda Wertheimer reports.

'American civil rights leaders, including Mrs. Caretta Scott King, watched the Senate debate from the Senate family gallery as members argued not so much about sanctions and the efficacy of sanctions, more about the choice between affirming the bill already passed by Congress or supporting the President.'

2. American food aid to southern African countries could be cut off if South Africa carries out its threat to ban imports of US grain. Foreign Minister Pic Botha said if US sanctions were imposed, his government would stop imports and would not allow its transport service to carry US grain to neighboring countries.

3. The White House today denied that it planted misleading stories in the American news media as part of a plan to topple Libyan leader Muammar Quddafi. The Washington Post reported this morning that stories were leaked this summer alleging Quddafi was resuming his support for terrorist activities, even though National Security Adviser John Poindexter knew otherwise. Today, White House spokesman Larry Speakes said Poindexter denied the administration had involved the media in an anti-Quddafi campaign but Speakes left open the possibility a disinformation campaign was conducted in other countries.

第一節 簡明新聞

1. 參議院投票以決定性的 78 票對 21 票推翻了裏根總統對南非製裁的否決權。由於眾議院已經投票推翻了，現在對其製裁成為法律。全國公共電台的琳達威特海默報道。

“美國民權領袖們，包括科瑞塔斯科特金夫人，參觀了參議院有爭議的參議院家庭畫廊，議員們爭論的不是製裁本身而是製裁的效果。更多的有關的選擇問題是在法案已在國會獲得通過和得到總統的支持之間。”

2. 如果南非實施其威脅而禁止進口美國的穀物的話，美國對南部非洲國家的糧食援助可能被切斷。外交部長匹克圖博塔說，如果美國實施製裁，他的政府將停止進口同時也不會允許其向他的鄰國運輸美國穀物。
3. 白宮今天否認了美國新聞媒體編造的虛幻報道作為推翻利比亞領導人卡紮菲計劃的一部分。據華盛頓郵報今天早上報道，有披露今年夏天是指稱卡紮菲正在恢複他對恐怖活動的支持，盡管國家安全顧問約翰波因德克斯特知道並非如此。今天，白宮發言人拉裏斯皮克斯說，波因德克斯特否認政府曾將媒體卷入一次反卡紮菲的活動當中，但斯皮克斯公開表示可能有一次虛假宣傳正在其他一些國家進行。

Section Two: News in Detail

The question in Washington today is this: Did the federal government try to scare Libya 's Colonel Muammar Quddafi in August by way of a disinformation campaign in the American media? The 'Washington Post Bob Woodward reports today that there was an elaborate disinformation program set up by the White House to convince Quddafi that the United States was about to attack again, or that he might be ousted in a coup. The White House today denies that officials tried to mislead Quddafi by using the American media. NPR's Bill Busenburg has our first report on the controversy.
The story starts on August 25th when the Wall Street Journal ran a front page story saying that Libya and the United States were once again on a collision course. Quoting multiple official sources, the paper said Quddafi was plotting new terrorist attacks and the Reagan Administration was preparing to teach him another lesson.
The Journal reported that the Pentagon was completing plans for a new and wider bombing of Libya in case the President ordered it.
That story caused a flurry of press attention. Officials in Washington and at the western White House in California were asked if it was true. "The story was authoritative" said the White House spokesman Larry Speakes. Based on that official confirmation, other news organizations, including the New York Times, the Washington Post, NPR and the major TV networks, all ran stories suggesting Libya should watch out. US naval maneuvers then taking place in the Mediterranean might be used as a cover for more attacks on Libya as in the past.
Today's Washington Post, however, quotes from an August 14th secret White House plan, adopted eleven days before the Wall Street Journal story. It was outlined in a memo written by the President's National Security Advisor John Poindexter. That plan called for a strategy of real and illusory events, using a disinformation program to make Quddafi think the United States was about to move against him militarily. Here are some examples the Post cites, suggesting disinformation was used domestically: Number one, while some US officials told the press Quddafi was stepping up his terrorist plans, President Reagan was being told in a memo that Quddafi was temporarily quiescent, in other words, that he wasn't active. Number two, while some officials were telling the press of internal infighting in Libya to oust Quddafi , US officials really believed he was firmly in power and that CIA's efforts to oust him were not working. Number three, while officials were telling the press the Pentagon was planning new attacks, in fact nothing new was being done Existing contingency plans were several months old, and the naval maneuvers were just maneuvers. The Post says this policy of deception was approved at a National Security Planning Group meeting chaired by President Reagan and his top aides.

第二節 詳細新聞 白宮涉嫌向美國媒體散布假消息以欺騙利比亞

在華盛頓今天的問題是：聯邦政府是否曾經試圖在 8 月份通過美國媒體進行虛假宣傳活動來威嚇利比亞的卡紮菲上校？《華盛頓郵報》的鮑勃伍德沃德今天報道說，有一項詳細的虛假宣傳計劃正由白宮進行編造，為使卡紮菲信服美國正準備發起再次的進攻，或者說他可能在政變中被推翻。白宮官員今天否認了試圖利用美國媒體誤導卡紮菲。全國公共廣播公司的比爾布森博格首先給我們報道爭議情況。
事情始於 8 月 25 日，《華爾街日報》刊登的頭版報道說，利比亞和美國將再一次發生衝突事件。該報還引述多個官方消息來源說，卡紮菲正在策劃新的恐怖襲擊，而裏根政府正準備給他新一輪的教訓。
《華爾街日報》報道說，五角大樓的正在著手一項計劃，總統下令進行新一輪的和更加廣泛的針對利比亞的轟炸。
這個故事引起了記者緊張的關注。華盛頓官員和西部白宮加利福尼亞州被問及是否是真實的。 “ 這件事是具有權威性的 ” ，白宮發言人拉裏斯皮克斯這樣說。基於官方的確認，其他新聞機構包括《紐約時報》，《華盛頓郵報》，全國公共廣播電台，以及主要電視網絡都報道此事並暗示利比亞應該留意。美國海軍當時正在地中海舉行軍事演習可能被用來掩蓋對利比亞發動更多的襲擊，就像過去一樣。
今天的《華盛頓郵報》，援引一項來自 8 月 14 日白宮的秘密計劃，采用了 11 天前《華爾街日報》的報道。它概述了由總統國家安全顧問約翰波因德克斯特起草的一份備忘錄。該計劃建議實施一個真正的戰略行的真實的虛幻事件，使用虛假的計劃，使卡紮菲認為美國正準備采取打擊他的軍事行動。這裏有一些郵報引述的例子，建議虛假消息應在國內傳播：第一，當一些美國官員對新聞界談到卡紮菲正在加緊他的恐怖計劃，裏根總統在一份備忘錄中被告知，卡紮菲暫時平靜了下來，換言之，他不那麽活躍了。第二，當一些官員對新聞界談到了在利比亞的驅逐卡紮菲的內鬥，美國官員真的相信他掌握著牢固的權力，中情局試圖把他趕下台的努力是不奏效的。 第三，而官員告訴記者，五角大樓正在策劃新的襲擊，其實根本沒有新製定的計劃，存在的應急計劃也有數月之久了，而且海軍的演習隻是演習。《華盛頓郵報》稱，這項欺騙政策是由裏根總統和他的高級助手在主持國家安全規劃小組會議上批準。

Libya 's Colonel Muammar Quddafi（1942-）

Section Three: Special Report

Two new studies were published today on the links between television coverage of suicide and subsequent teenage suicide rates. The Now England Journal of Medicine reports that both studies suggest that some teenagers might be more likely to take their own lives after seeing TV programs dealing with suicide. NPR's Lorie Garrett reports.

The first suicide study, done by a team from the University of California in San Diego , examines television news coverage of suicides. David Philips and Lundy Carseson looked at forty-five suicide stories carried on network news-casts between 1973 and '79.

The researchers then compared the incidence of teen suicides in those years to the dates of broadcast of these stories. David Philips says news coverage of suicides definitely prompted an increase in the number of teens in America who took their lives.

“The more TV programs that carry a story, the greater they increase in teen suicides just afterwards.”

The suicide increase among teens was compared by Philips to adult suicide trends.

'The teen suicides go up by about 2.91 teen suicides per story. And adult suicides go up by, I think, around two adult suicides per story. The increase for teens, the percentage increase for teens is very, very much larger than the percentage increase for adults. It's about, I think, fourteen or fifteen times as big a response for teens percentagewise as it is for adults.'

The TV news coverage appears to have prompted a greater in crease than is seen around other well-known periods of adolescent depression, such as holidays, personal birthdays, the start of school and winter. Philips could not find any specific types of stories that seem to trigger a greater response among depressed teens. Philips says it seems to simply be the word "suicide' and the knowledge that somebody actively executed the act that pushes buttons in depressed teenagers. Psychiatrists call this 'imitative behavior.'

"What my study showed was that there seems to be imitation not only of relatively bland behavior like dress, dressing or hairstyles, but there seems to be imitation of really quite deviant behavior as well. The teenagers imitate apparently across the board, not just suicides, but everything else as well.'

In a separate study, Madeline Gould and David Shaeffer of Columbia University found that made-for-television movies about suicide also stimulated imitative behavior. Even though the movies were intended to portray the problem of teen suicide and offered, in some cases, suicide hot line numbers and advice on counseling, the team believes the four network movies prompted eighty teen suicides. One of the made-for-TV movies examined by the Columbia University team was a CBS production. George Schweitzer, a CBS's Vice President, is well aware of this research. He says, 'It is terribly unfortunate that any teens took their lives after the broadcast, but if they had it to do over,' says Schweitzer, 'CBS would still run the movie."

"Studies like these do not measure the most, what we think is the most important thing, which I don't think can be measured, and that is the hundreds and hundreds and probably thousands of teenagers who were positively moved by these kinds of broadcasts."

Moved to call suicide hot lines, moved to seek counseling, and moved to discuss their depressions with family members. Schweitzer does not dispute today's studies: some teens may be moved to suicide.

“But ignoring the issue for fear of that, I think, would be far more disastrous than addressing important social issues to help create awareness and again to have a positive effect.”

But researcher David Philips suggests the media could decrease the teen suicide problem by avoiding some suicide stories all together and changing the way the others are covered. For example, says Philips, "Don't make suicide seem heroic." He cites the story of 'a' Young Czechoslovakian dissident who set himself on fire. But the dissident action was taken to draw attention to government repression in Czechoslovakia . Should the news media really have ignored such a story? 'I think it's a really difficult question. There are all these goods on all sides of the issue. And thank God, I don't have to be the one to disentangle that issue.'

One prominent expert in this field said the young people moved to take their lives, following a news story or movie, are particularly vulnerable, suicidal individuals. In the absence of television stories, some other events in their lives might well have triggered their actions. So while most psychiatrists agree there is an imitative component to teenage suicides, that tendency, they say, should not lead society to repress information. On the contrary, some say we are now facing a major epidemic of adolescent suicide in America . We must publicize and confront the problem. Last year some fifty-five hundred adolescents between fifteen and twenty-four years of age took their lives. At least ten times that tried. Some estimates are that 275 thousand teens attempted suicide last year. The rate of teenage suicide in America has tripled since 1955.

第三節 特別報道 美國青少年自殺問題研究

今天發表的兩項新的研究報告將電視報道的自殺案件和隨後的青少年自殺率這兩件事進行了聯係。《新英國醫學月刊》報道說，這兩項研究表明，一些青少年在看過電視節目後，可能采取自殺的方式以結束自己的生命。全國公共電台的羅瑞蓋瑞特的報道。

第一個有關自殺的研究是由來自加州大學聖地亞哥分校的團隊，在探討了電視新聞對自殺的報道後作出的。大衛飛利浦和倫迪卡森鬆研究了自 1973 到 79 年間新聞網報道過的 45 樁自殺事件。

研究者比較了那些年裏發生的青少年自殺事件和報道播送的時間。大衛菲利普說對自殺事件的新聞報道明顯地促使美國青少年自殺數量的增長。

“講述 ( 自殺 ) 故事的電視節目越多，隨後發生的青少年自殺數量就越驚人。”

飛利浦對成上升趨勢的青少年自殺與成人自殺狀況進行了比較。

“每個青少年自殺的故事可以導致 2.91 件青少年自殺事件。而成年人自殺數量，我認為，每個故事是 2 人。青少年（數量）的增加，青少年百分比的增幅，遠遠高於成年人百分比的增長。這是由於我認為，青少年作出反應的百分率是成年人的 14-15 倍。

電視新聞報道似乎顯示著比其他眾所周知的青少年抑鬱症發病期，如節日期間，個人生日，開學和冬季開始等，引發的增長還要大。飛利浦找不到特殊的引發青少年間更大沮喪反應的那類型的事情。飛利浦表示，似乎僅僅是“自殺”這個詞和有人積極進行的行為的知識，就會抑鬱症的青少年當中按下（自殺的）按鈕。精神病學家稱之為“模仿行為”。

“我的研究表明，好像是模仿行為不僅僅是相對溫和的行為，像打扮，穿衣還有發型，似乎也有很越軌的行為。青少年的模仿顯然是一刀切的，不隻是自殺，也還有其他的行為 。

在另一項研究中，馬德琳古爾德和哥倫比亞大學的大衛舍爾夫發現，有關自殺的電視電影也刺激了模仿行為。盡管電影旨在描繪出青少年自殺的問題，有些還提供了遏製自殺熱線電話的號碼和輔導意見。該小組認為，四個網絡電影促使了 80 起青少年自殺事件。哥倫比亞大學的研究小組檢測的之一是哥倫比亞廣播公司的生產電視電影。喬治施韋策，哥倫比亞廣播公司的副總裁，是也清楚這項研究。他說，“極其不幸的是，有青少年在節目播出後結束了他們的生命，如果他們做得過火了，”施魏策爾說，“哥倫比亞廣播公司仍然會製作這樣的電影。”

“這樣的研究並不會推測到我們認為的大多數最重要的事，那些事我可能推測不到，而那樣的播出會使成百也許是成千上萬青少年絕對有所觸動。”

觸動他們去打遏製自殺熱線電話，觸動他們去尋求谘詢，觸動他們與家庭成員們討論他的消沉。施魏策爾對今天研究並沒有辯解的是：有些孩子會因觸動而自殺。

我認為忽視令人擔心的問題將會比公布（而產生的）社會問題更具災難性，應幫助提高認識並達到積極的成效。

但研究員大衛飛利浦建議媒體可以通過避免集中播放自殺報道，以及通過改變方式而將其他一些加以掩蓋來減少青少年自殺問題。例如，飛利浦說，“不要把自殺者打造成英雄。”他引用了名為《 a 》的報道，年輕的捷克持不同政見者引火自焚的故事。但是，持不同政見者采取行動是為了使人們注意在捷克斯洛伐克發生的政府鎮壓行動。新聞媒體真會忽視這樣一篇報道嗎？ “我認為這是一個非常棘手的問題。有關於這個問題從各方立場都有很多好處。感謝上帝，我還沒有解開這個問題的辦法。”

一個在這方麵著名的專家表示，年輕人要模仿一則新聞報道或電影來結束他們的生命，對自殺的人來說確實很脆弱。在沒有電視的故事時，他們生活中的一些其他活動的情況下很可能會引發他們的反應。因此，盡管大多數心理醫生同意少年自殺行為有模仿的因素在裏麵。他們說，這種趨勢不應該引導社會壓製信息。相反，有些人說我們現在麵臨美國青少年自殺大流行的時候。我們要宣傳和麵對這個問題。去年，大約 5 千 5 百名年齡在 15 和 24 歲的青少年結束了他們的生命。至少 10 倍之多的人曾經嚐試過。有人估計去年有 275000 青少年企圖自殺。在美國的青少年自殺率自 1955 年以來增加了兩倍。


圖片來源於美國防止青少年自殺網站