風蕭蕭_Frank
以文會友
Daniele Ganser (born 29 August 1972)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Ganser
丹尼爾·甘瑟（Daniele Ganser，1972年8月29日出生）是一位瑞士作家。美國問題專家邁克爾·巴特（Michael Butter）稱他為“德語世界最知名的陰謀論者”[3]。他最著名的作品是2005年出版的《北約的秘密軍隊：格拉迪奧行動與西歐恐怖主義》[4]。
甘瑟曾任蘇黎世聯邦理工學院安全研究中心（CSS）高級研究員[5]，並於2006年至2012年擔任石油和天然氣峰值研究協會瑞士分會主席[6]。2012年至2017年，他在聖加侖大學教授“能源係統的曆史與未來”課程[1][7]。他對9·11恐怖襲擊的公開質疑導致他被大學解雇[8]。
早年生活
甘瑟出生於盧加諾，父親戈特弗裏德·甘瑟-博斯哈特（1922-2014）是瑞士新教教會聯合會的一位新教牧師，母親珍妮特·甘瑟是一位護士。[9][10][2][11] 他的祖父母是德國人。[12] 他曾在巴塞爾大學學習。
北約的秘密軍隊
另見：格拉迪奧行動
2004年，甘瑟出版了《北約的秘密軍隊：格拉迪奧行動與西歐恐怖主義》一書。書中他指出，格拉迪奧部隊與北約和中央情報局密切合作，意大利格拉迪奧網絡應對針對平民的恐怖襲擊負責。[13] 安全分析師約翰·普拉多斯指出，甘瑟提供的證據表明，格拉迪奧網絡實際上是遍布多個國家的反民主勢力。[14]勞倫斯·卡普蘭讚揚甘瑟“為厘清這錯綜複雜的右翼陰謀的諸多線索做出了英勇的努力”，但他認為，將這些線索串聯起來需要對事實進行牽強附會，而且某些理論損害了本書的可信度。[15]
本書受到了情報史學者的大量批評。比阿特麗斯·豪瑟讚揚了這部作品，但指出如果語氣不那麽激烈會更好。[16] 皮爾·亨裏克·漢森批評甘瑟的論斷基於美國陸軍野戰手冊30-31B，而情報界人士稱其為“冷戰時期的偽造文件”。[17][18] 菲利普·H·J·戴維斯總結道，本書充斥著對秘密行動的誇大其詞和誤解，甘瑟沒有進行必要的基礎研究來有效地討論這些行動。[19]挪威國防研究所的奧拉夫·裏斯特（Olav Riste）指出，甘瑟歪曲了他本人對挪威“留守”網絡的研究。[20] 裏斯特和利奧波爾多·努蒂（Leopoldo Nuti）總結道，該書“雄心勃勃的結論似乎並未得到對現有資料的充分評估。”[21] 約翰·R·辛德勒（John R. Schindler）寫道，專家們普遍認為該書學術水平“低劣”，並指出甘瑟承認他找不到官方資料來支持其核心論點。[22] 政治學家馬庫斯·林登（Markus Linden）表示，甘瑟打著“和平研究”的旗號，宣揚反美主義，同時卻對俄羅斯持單方麵正麵評價。[23]
甘瑟曾作為專家出現在烏爾裏希·施托爾（Ulrich Stoll）執導的德國電視紀錄片《留守：北約的“暗影戰士”》（Stay Behind: Die Schattenkrieger der NATO）中，該片於2014年在德國電視二台（ZDFinfo）播出。[24][25]
後期職業生涯及公開評論
甘瑟曾質疑“9·11”事件調查委員會的結論。[26][27] 他還對新冠疫情持懷疑態度。[28][29]
2020年，甘瑟出版了《美國帝國：殘暴的世界政權》（Imperium USA: Die Skrupellose Weltmacht），該書於2023年以英文版《美國：無情帝國》（USA: The Ruthless Empire）再版。雅各布·庫利克在德國戰略研究期刊《戰略分析雜誌》（Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen）上撰文批評該書“片麵”且“膚淺”，將美國描繪成全球衝突的唯一始作俑者，並指出該書缺乏分析深度，忽略了反證，且不符合科普標準。[30]
關於俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭，甘瑟表示，雖然入侵是非法的，但美國對此負有責任，烏克蘭總統澤連斯基是美國的棋子。[31] 他還聲稱，美國煽動了2014年的烏克蘭廣場革命，並在亞努科維奇下台後扶植亞采紐克和波羅申科上台。[32]
公開演講
截至2023年，甘瑟在德語國家舉辦大型公開演講，吸引了超過1000名觀眾。[31][33] 德國公共廣播公司ZDF報道稱，這些活動每晚的門票收入約為8萬歐元。[31] 瑞士公共廣播公司報道稱，2023年5月在巴塞爾的一場演講收入超過10萬瑞士法郎。[34]
德國媒體將這些演講的內容描述為反美主義、曆史否定主義和克裏姆林宮宣傳。[35][36][37] 北德廣播公司（NDR Fernsehen）報道稱，他的內容在“陰謀論者和民主懷疑論者”中很受歡迎。[38] 基爾大學國防政策研究所所長約阿希姆·克勞澤（Joachim Krause）
有人稱甘瑟“並非科學家”，而是“一個靠散播陰謀論、蠱惑人心來謀生的庸俗企業家”。[39] 因斯布魯克大學的伊娃·賓德和瑪格達萊娜·卡爾特塞斯將他的一次演講描述為“偽科學的誘惑”。[40]
出版物
英文
文章
“西歐恐怖主義：北約秘密留守部隊研究”。《懷特海外交與國際關係雜誌》，第6卷，第1期，第69-97頁。
“恐懼作為一種武器：心理戰對國內和國際政治的影響”。《世界事務：國際問題雜誌》，第9卷，第4期（2005年），第24-40頁。 JSTOR 48531828。
“英國秘密情報局在瑞士中立國：關於北約冷戰時期留守部隊的未竟之辯。”《情報與國家安全》，第20卷，第5期（2005年），第553-580頁。doi:10.1080/02684520500425083。
“馬基雅維利的幽靈：對冷戰時期意大利的‘格拉迪奧行動’和恐怖主義的分析。”《犯罪、法律與社會變遷》，第45卷，第2期（2006年3月），第111-154頁。doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000036044。
“中央情報局在西歐的活動與侵犯人權。”《情報與國家安全》，第21卷，第1期（2006年1月），第1-10頁。doi:10.1080/02684520500425083。 5（2006 年 10 月），第 760–781 頁。doi:10.1080/02684520600957712。
著作
《魯莽的賭博——聯合國在古巴導彈危機和 1962 年導彈危機中的破壞》。新奧爾良：南方大學出版社（2000 年 12 月）。ISBN 978-1889431727。
《北約的秘密軍隊：格拉迪奧行動與西歐的恐怖主義》。倫敦：勞特利奇出版社（2005 年）。ISBN 978-1135767853。
書籍貢獻
“冷戰時期的‘緊張戰略’”（第六章）。[失效鏈接] 載於：《9/11 與美國帝國：知識分子之聲》。由大衛·雷·格裏芬和彼得·戴爾·斯科特編輯。北安普頓，馬薩諸塞州：橄欖枝出版社（2007），第79-99頁。ISBN 978-1566566599。
“美國對石油上癮：石油峰值和9/11事件背景下的美國秘密戰爭與日益減少的石油儲備”。載於埃裏克·威爾遜著《雙重國家：準政治、卡爾·施密特與國家安全複合體》。英國：阿什蓋特出版社（2012）。ISBN 978-1409431077。
Daniele Ganser (born 29 August 1972)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Ganser
A Swiss author. He is described by Americanist Michael Butter as the "best-known conspiracy theorist in the German-speaking world".[3] He is best known for his 2005 book NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe.[4]
Ganser was a senior researcher at the ETH Zurich Center for Security Studies (CSS)[5] and was president (2006–2012) of the Swiss branch of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas.[6] He taught a course titled History and Future of Energy Systems at the University of St. Gallen from 2012 to 2017.[1][7] His public doubts about the September 11 attacks led to the termination of his university employment.[8]
Early life
[edit]Ganser was born in Lugano to Gottfried Ganser-Bosshart (1922–2014), a Protestant pastor of the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches, and Jeannette Ganser, a nurse.[9][10][2][11] His father's parents were German.[12] He studied at the University of Basel.
NATO's Secret Armies
[edit]In 2004, Ganser published NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, in which he argued that Gladio units cooperated closely with NATO and the CIA, and that the Italian Gladio network was responsible for terrorist attacks against civilians.[13] Security analyst John Prados observed that Ganser presented evidence that Gladio networks amounted to anti-democratic elements across many nations.[14] Lawrence Kaplan commended Ganser for "heroic efforts to tease out the many strands that connect this interlocking right-wing conspiracy", but argued that connecting the dots required a stretch of facts and that some theories damaged the book's credibility.[15]
The book received substantial criticism from scholars of intelligence history. Beatrice Heuser praised the work but noted it would have benefited from a less polemical tone.[16] Peer Henrik Hansen criticised Ganser for basing claims on the US Army Field Manual 30-31B, which intelligence community members have described as a "Cold War era hoax document".[17][18] Philip H.J. Davies concluded that the book was marred by exaggerated notions and misunderstandings of covert operations, and that Ganser had not performed the basic research necessary to discuss them effectively.[19] Olav Riste of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies stated that his own research on the stay-behind network in Norway had been misrepresented by Ganser.[20] Riste and Leopoldo Nuti concluded that the book's "ambitious conclusions do not seem to be entirely corroborated by a sound evaluation of the sources available."[21] John R. Schindler wrote that specialists largely considered the book "shoddy" scholarship, noting that Ganser had acknowledged being unable to find official sources supporting his central charges.[22] Political scientist Markus Linden said that Ganser fostered anti-Americanism under the label of Peace Research while presenting Russia in a unilaterally positive light.[23]
Ganser appeared as an expert in the German television documentary Stay Behind: Die Schattenkrieger der NATO by Ulrich Stoll, broadcast on ZDFinfo in 2014.[24][25]
Later career and public commentary
[edit]Ganser has questioned the conclusions of the 9/11 Commission.[26][27] He has also promoted skepticism of the COVID-19 pandemic.[28][29]
In 2020, Ganser published Imperium USA: Die Skrupellose Weltmacht, republished in English in 2023 as USA: The Ruthless Empire. Jakob Kullik, writing in the German strategic studies journal Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen, criticised the book for its "one-sided" and "superficial" portrayal of the United States as the sole perpetrator of global conflicts, arguing that it lacked analytical depth, ignored counter-evidence, and fell short of popular science standards.[30]
Regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ganser has stated that while the invasion is illegal, the United States bears responsibility for it, and that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy is a pawn of the United States.[31] He has also claimed that the United States instigated the Euromaidan revolution in 2014 and installed Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Petro Poroshenko in power after the removal of Viktor Yanukovych.[32]
Public presentations
[edit]As of 2023, Ganser gives large-scale public presentations in German-speaking countries, attracting audiences of over 1,000 people.[31][33] German public broadcaster ZDF reported that these events can generate around 80,000 euros per night in ticket revenue,[31] while Swiss public broadcasting reported that a presentation in Basel in May 2023 generated over 100,000 Swiss francs.[34]
German media outlets have characterised the content of these presentations as containing anti-Americanism, historical negationism, and Kremlin propaganda.[35][36][37] NDR Fernsehen reported that his content is popular among "conspiracy theorists and democracy skeptics".[38] Joachim Krause, director of the Institute for Defence Policy at Kiel University, described Ganser as "not a scientist" but rather "a dumbing down entrepreneur who makes his living by contaminating the brains of people with conspiracy fantasies".[39] Eva Binder and Magdalena Kaltseis of the University of Innsbruck described one of his presentations as "pseudoscientific seduction".[40]
Publications
[edit]English
[edit]Articles
- "Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-behind Armies." Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, vol. 6, no. 1. pp. 69–97.
- "Fear As A Weapon: The Effects Psychological Warfare on Domestic and International Politics." World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, vol. 9, no. 4 (2005), pp. 24–40. JSTOR 48531828.
- "The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Cold War Stay-behind Armies." Intelligence and National Security, vol. 20, no. 5 (2005). pp. 553–580.doi:10.1080/02684520500425083.
- "The Ghost of Machiavelli: An Approach to Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Cold War Italy." Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 45, no. 2 (Mar. 2006), pp. 111–154. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000036044.
- "The CIA in Western Europe and the Abuse of Human Rights." Intelligence and National Security, vol. 21, no. 5 (Oct. 2006), pp. 760–781. doi:10.1080/02684520600957712.
Books
- Reckless Gamble—The Sabotage of the United Nations in the Cuban Conflict and the Missile Crisis of 1962. New Orleans: University Press of the South (Dec. 2000). ISBN 978-1889431727.
- NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe. London: Routledge (2005). ISBN 978-1135767853.
Book contributions
- "The 'Strategy of Tension' in the Cold War Period" (Chapter 6).[dead link] In: 9/11 and the American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out. Edited by David Ray Griffin and Peter Dale Scott. Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press (2007), pp. 79–99. ISBN 978-1566566599.
- "America is Addicted to Oil: U.S. Secret Warfare and Dwindling Oil Reserves in the Context of Peak Oil and 9/11." In: The Dual State: Parapolitics, Carl Schmitt and the National Security Complex, by Eric Wilson. UK: Ashgate (2012). ISBN 978-1409431077.
