The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones can be catalyzed by TPAP (nPr4N+RuO4–; TetraPropylAmmonium Perruthenate) which is air- and moisture-tolerant and also soluble in organic solvents. It is not as strongly oxidizing as ruthenium tetroxide and does not cause olefin cleavage or overoxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Simple procedure and the autocatalytic nature are other important characteristics. The mild reaction conditions are especially suited to unstable compounds or compounds containing labile protective groups.
Ru (VII) and Ru(VI) are thought to be the active species. The reaction is autocatalytic and the actual mechanism is not as simple as the one shown below. The presence of water hinders the formation of the autocatalyst, thus a drying agent such as MS4A is used. NMO acts as the reoxidant of the ruthenium species.
![TPAP_4.gif](https://i1.wp.com/www.chem-station.com/odos/images/TPAP_4.gif?resize=413%2C89)
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)
![tpap.h3.gif](https://i0.wp.com/www.chem-station.com/odos/images/tpap.h3.gif?resize=303%2C143)
![tpap.h2.gif](https://i1.wp.com/www.chem-station.com/odos/images/tpap.h2.gif?resize=468%2C168)
-The residue of TPAP can be removed easily with a short pad of silica gel.
-There is a workup procedure involving a wash with Na2SO3 to reduce the excess NMO.
-The reaction could start violently on a large scale, thus TPAP and NMO should be added carefully. An empirical rule is that if the reaction doesn’t occur in 10 minutes in the presence of excess NMO, it won’t proceed any further.
-Dichloromethane is used commonly but the use of acetonitrile as a cosolvent often improves the yield.
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