再訪廣島
【德】麥考·帕默 著
郎倫友 譯
第七章 硫芥子氣和凝固汽油彈
我飽受痰咳和感冒的折磨。這一切都是從一顆炮彈把已經堆在那裏幾個月的芥子氣殘渣炸飛開始的。
——塞西爾·威瑟斯,英國第一次世界大戰退伍老兵【102】
本章介紹的是硫芥子氣的化學性質和生物效應,采用的是戰爭中,特別是第一次世界大戰中的案例報告。這一章不考察“核”爆炸問題,而是為以後各章對轟炸受害者的臨床觀察的討論提供背景材料。
這一章最後概述一下凝固汽油彈的技術與醫療方麵的問題以及它在戰爭中的使用。
硫芥子氣是一種合成毒劑,在第一次世界大戰以“戰鬥毒氣之王”而聲名狼藉。在那場戰爭中,盡管它在1917年才首次使用,但造成的傷亡人數超過所有其他毒氣的總和。其他戰鬥毒氣,例如氯氣和光氣已經使用很長時間了,它們的殺傷力由於有了保護措施,特別是防毒麵具,而被削弱了。硫芥子氣避開了這種保護措施,因為它侵襲的是皮膚,它的煙氣能輕鬆地穿透服裝並附著在服裝裏。硫芥子氣通過摧毀比較深的表皮層,引起水泡形成,水泡可能連片從而導致皮膚大麵積剝落。這類試劑被稱為發泡劑,這個術語源自拉丁語vesica(水泡)。得不到防毒麵具保護的受害者還會吸入這種氣體,使呼吸道受到損傷;另外,硫芥子氣還有可能被吞咽下去,進而侵襲腸道。
第二種重要的發泡劑是路易斯毒氣,也是在第一次世界大戰期間研發出來的,但是顯然沒有投入使用。在第二次世界大戰中,這兩種毒氣都被幾名研製參與者儲藏起來,唯一可知的使用是日本在侵華戰爭中。根據內野的報告【103,第187頁】,美國已經把各種型號的空投炸彈都充滿了芥子氣;除此之外,這些炸彈還用來作為燃燒彈。因此說,硫芥子氣已經準備完畢,可以用於空襲了。在1980年代,硫芥子氣再次被伊拉克用於它同伊朗的戰爭;它最近被使用,據報道發生在敘利亞的內戰中。【104】
圖7.1 硫芥子氣和路易斯毒氣的結構。
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Ci:氯;S:硫;As:砷;Bis-chlorethyl sulfide(Sulfur mustard):雙氯乙基硫醚(硫芥子氣);Chlorovinylarsine dichloride(Lewisite):二氯氯乙烯基胂(路易斯毒氣)。
雖然硫芥子氣與路易斯毒氣的化學構成不同(見圖7.1),但它們的急性中毒症狀是相似的。【21】(腳注1)下麵說明一下具體理由:我們認為在廣島和長崎使用的發泡劑最有可能是硫芥子氣,因此我們將聚焦在這種毒劑上。
【腳注】
1:大多數信息來源稱,在巴裏災難中施放的是硫芥子氣;但梅納德【105】在他的碩士論文中揭示,那次實際上是路易斯毒氣。雖然他提供了一些令人感興趣的間接證據,但這個問題對於本書的主題來講是次要的,因此將不繼續進行探討。
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