兒童心理學筆記之一: 多元智能理論
文章來源: MaMaGaGa2014-12-12 08:23:09
兒童心理學方麵的書。  其實訣竅就是多看。  看到一定數量之後才能應用。  先說一個“多元智能” 理論。 

”Multiple Intelligence Theory" 在1983 年由 Howard Gardner 提出。 極大的挑戰了人們傳統上認為對於智商的 認識。 

Howard Gardner 的主要論點是人類的智商並非局限於語文數學邏輯思維這幾個方麵,而是主要分類為以下幾種。

不同的孩子有多種智能組合, 然後多種智商綜合分配和使用才能造就各種傑出人才。 

1. Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”)  (自然觀察智能)比如農民,園丁,獵人, 生物學家,海洋學家等等。 

 Designates the human ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations).  This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef.  It is also speculated that much of our consumer society exploits the naturalist intelligences, which can be mobilized in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds of makeup, and the like. 

 2. Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”) 音樂智商(能) 

 Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.  This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners.  Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical intelligences may share common thinking processes.  Young adults with this kind of intelligence are usually singing or drumming to themselves.  They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.

 
 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart) 數學邏輯智商(能) 

 Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical operations.  It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive and deductive thinking patterns.  Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives.  Young adults with lots of logical intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, and relationships.  They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.

 
4. Existential Intelligence  存在智商 (能), 多見於宗教人士,哲學家等等 

 Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.

 

5. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart”) 人際關係智商(能) 

 Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others.  It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives.  Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at communicating, and seem to understand others’ feelings and motives.

 

6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”)  (身體協調和肢體動覺智商(能), 如運動員。  有讀者質疑,難道搞體育運動還需要智商嗎?  我認為身體協調能力和大腦的構造密切相關,當然算智商。 而且,一流的運動員,一流的的外科醫生都需要這方麵的能力。 

 Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills.  This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union.  Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

 7. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) 語言智商(能) 

 Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings.  Linguistic intelligence allows us to understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of language.  Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers.  Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing, reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles.

 8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart”) 內省智商 (能),如心理學家, 高級管理人員) 

 Intra-personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge in planning and directioning one’s life.  Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the human condition.  It is evident in psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers.  These young adults may be shy.  They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-motivated.

 

9. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”) 空間智商(能) 

 Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions.  Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an active imagination.  Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence.  Young adults with this kind of intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming.

  每一個孩子都是多種智商(能)的綜合體。 父母要做的就是幫助孩子了解自己,取長補短。 

From: Overview of the Multiple Intelligences Theory.  Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development and Thomas Armstrong.com

 感謝網友 Olga87 對翻譯的指正。 我還借鑒了中文的維基百科。