弗朗茨·澤拉菲庫斯·彼得·舒伯特(德語:Franz Seraphicus Peter Schubert,1797年1月31日-1828年11月19日),奧地利作曲家,他是早期浪漫主義音樂的代表人物,也被認為是古典主義音樂的最後一位巨匠。舒伯特的創作生涯雖然很短暫,卻給後人留下了大量的音樂財富,600多首委婉動聽的藝術歌曲,為世界音樂寶庫增添了耀眼的光輝,在音樂史上被譽為“歌曲之王”。其最有代表性的歌曲有《魔王》、《野玫瑰》、《聖母頌》、《菩提樹》、《鱒魚》、《小夜曲》、聲樂套曲《美麗的磨坊女》、《冬日的旅行》等。
1863
美國總統林肯發表葛底斯堡演說
《葛底斯堡演說》(英語:Gettysburg Address)是美國前總統亞伯拉罕·林肯最著名的演說,也是美國曆史上為人引用最多之政治性演說。1863年11月19日,也就是美國內戰中葛底斯堡戰役結束的四個半月後,林肯在賓夕法尼亞州葛底斯堡的葛底斯堡國家公墓(Gettysburg National Cemetery)揭幕式中發表此次演說,哀悼在長達五個半月的葛底斯堡之役中陣亡的將士。林肯的演講於當天第二順位發表,修辭細膩周密,其後成為美國曆史上最偉大的演說之一。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.