美國在伊拉克的33年曆程圖解
文章來源: 丁莊秀園 於 2013-04-06 06:46:51
1980年伊朗革命開始，伊朗不再是美國在中東的盟國，
The year was 1980. America had just lost a key Middle Eastern ally in the Iranian Revolution.

美國開始考慮伊拉克作為波斯灣的新盟友，
US officials and media began publicly to consider Iraq as a new top ally in the Persian Gulf.

同時伊朗開始在伊拉克鼓動Shia穆斯林奪權，兩伊關係開始緊張，
Meanwhile Iranian calls for a Shia-coup in Iraq led to rising tensions and border skirmishes.

在伊朗動亂並失去國際支持後，伊拉克的侯賽因挑起了戰爭
With Iran weakened and growing international support, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded his hated neighbor.

盡管廣泛報道伊拉克使用化學武器，美國總統裏根對此視而不見，並且把侯賽因從恐怖組織除名，
Despite widespread reports of Iraqi chemical weapons use, Reagan pulled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein off the list of known terrorists in 1982.

美國公開支持伊拉克，給予大量貸款，用於軍事裝備，化學技術改造和訓練，伊朗部隊動態的衛星觀測數據等
The U.S. began openly to support Iraq, through massive loans, military equipment, dual use chemical technology and training, and satellite intelligence on Iranian troop movements.

美國認為伊拉克的化學武器對美國沒有威脅，隻擔心伊朗革命會影響到其他中東國家，
Iraq's use of chemical weapons

到了1986年已經清楚，兩伊戰爭誰也無法戰勝另一方，盡管雙方都花費巨大，
Nevertheless it became clear by 1986 that the two countries were stuck in a costly stalemate.

到了1988年底，伊拉克欠了美國，沙特，俄國和科威特至少$60 billian（六百億）
By the end of the war in 1988, Iraq owed at least $60 billion to Britain, America, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Kuwait.

1989年，老布什簽署26號安全條款，表明對伊拉克穩定以及波斯灣石油是美國國家安全利益，
In 1989, President George H.W. Bush signed National Security Directive 26 calling both Persian Gulf oil and a

但是美國盟國伊拉克並不領情，1990年因為巨大的債務入侵科威特，聲稱對方偷了他們的油，
America's ally, however, could not be controlled. In 1990, with reconstruction costs rising, Saddam invaded Kuwait, citing billions in stolen oil.

老布什指出這是不能容忍的，同時發起軍事行動把伊拉克趕出科威特，


被稱為“波斯灣戰爭”，十年前的兩伊戰爭也是這個名字，
America dubbed it

美國把伊拉克趕出科威特，但是沒有入侵巴格達，
U.S. troops successfully ousted Saddam from Kuwait, but pulled up short of invading Baghdad.

克林頓1992上台後，1994年開始對伊拉克製裁，導致每個月都有5000名伊拉克兒童死亡，
Bill Clinton took office in 1992 and in '94 extended crippling economic sanctions on Iraq, which led to death by starvation of up to 5,000 Iraqi children each month.

1995年，聯合國通過決議，讓伊拉克在國際市場用“糧食換石油”，
In 1995, the U.N. introduced the

兩位聯合國官員，Hans Von Spok，Denis Halliday因為不滿這項決議而辭職
Two consecutive U.N. peace envoys, Hans Von Spok and Denis Halliday, resigned over the effect sanctions had on citizens.

1998年布什說“我們已經被迫占領巴格達而事實上統治伊拉克，該聯盟將瞬間崩潰...如果我們去入侵，可以想見，將是一個敵對土地上的強力占領國。”
In 1998, Bush wrote about not taking Baghdad: We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq. The coalition would instantly have collapsed ... Had we gone the invasion route, the U.S. could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land.

2001年的911事件後，Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney and Paul Wolfowitz找到了其中的“伊拉克聯係”，
After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney and Paul Wolfowitz committed to finding the

2003年，美國及盟軍開始入侵伊拉克，
On March 2003, America and its

三個月以後，布什宣布：使命完成了
Three weeks later, George Bush claimed

伊拉克“總督”Paul Bremer要求免去伊拉克的600億美元的伊拉克國民債務，他還要求免去伊拉克總數為1000億美元的其他債務，，
Iraq

2004年七月24日，侯賽因從一個“蜘蛛洞”裏被抓捕，30個月後被處死，
On July 24, 2004 the US Army Special Forces pulled Saddam out of a

但是抵抗沒有停止，2006年達到高峰，平均每天100起爆炸事件。到了2007年中旬，稱自己為伊拉克兒子的遜尼派穆斯林已經形成戰鬥的主要方
But fighting was far from over. 2006 brought the height of the Iraqi insurgency, with 100 explosive devices detonated per day. By mid-2007, however, Sunni milities calling themselves the Sons of Iraq had turned the tide of the war.

在2001年奧巴馬無法和伊拉克達成軍隊留在那裏的協議後，美國事實上被踢出了伊拉克，
When In 2011 Barack Obama failed to get a status of forces agreement passed, America was effectively kicked out Iraq.

大約8年的戰爭造成190000直接死亡，包括4500美國士兵，
Roughly 8 years of war had caused 190,000 direct war deaths, including more than 4,500 American service members.

總起來戰爭造成美國$2.2 trillion（萬億）的損失，合成6萬億損失如果包括將來的利息等費用，
In total, this war cost America $2.2 trillion, and possibly $6 trillion in future interest payments.

在入侵十年後的紀念日，汽車炸彈炸死了25人，教派暴力仍然是一個重大的問題，
Two years later, on the day of the tenth anniversary, a car bomb killed 25. Sectarian violence is still a major issue.

不過有些美國人公司受益匪淺，Exxon得到了伊拉克在Qurna的最大油田，同時Halliburton和其他美國公司占據了價值1500億美元的主要合同。。。，
But some Americans are doing well in Iraq. Exxon nailed down one of Iraq's largest oil fields in Qurna, while Halliburton and other U.S. companies dominated development subcontracts valued at $150 billion.

以上數據來自於：http://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-of-americas-33-year-love-affair-with-saddam-and-iraq-2013-3