權威語法解說Present Participles (ZT 牛津語法）

A I sat reading

We can use a participle after go, lie, run, sit, and stand.

●	Everyone stood watching the aircraft.
●	The girl lay trapped in the wreckage.

B I went swimming

We use go + active participle for leisure activities that we go out to do.

●	We went riding yesterday.
●	Simon has gone fishing.

C Conjunction + participle

We can use an active or passive participle after some conjunctions.

●	Wear gloves when using an electric saw.
●	Once opened, the contents should be consumed within three days.

The pattern is used mainly in writing and with although, if, once, unless, until, when, whenever, and while.

D Result

A clause with an active participle can express result.

●	The film star made a dramatic entrance, attracting everyone's attention.
●	They pumped waste into the river, killing all the fish. (... and killed all the fish.)

E Conditions

A participle clause can express a condition.

●	We'll eat outside, weather permitting. (if the weather permits it)
●	Taken daily, vitamin pills can improve your health. (if they are taken daily)

F With for details

This example has with and a subject of the participle clause.

●	There were scenes of celebration, with people dancing in the streets.

The clause adds detail.

G Following, considering, etc.

Some participles are used as prepositions.

●	Following the reception, there will be a talk by the professor. (after the reception)
●	Considering the weather, the day was a great success. (in view of the weather)
●	I am writing regarding your complaint. (about your complaint)

H Idioms

Some participle clauses are idioms.

●	Strictly speaking, that's not allowed.
●	All being well, we'll be there by six.