世界上最早的醫院在蘇格蘭中部的伊持圖塞爾，這座醫院建於被羅馬軍占領時代，有兩千年的曆史。這座醫院建築物長有100米，寬有70米，地下有完善下水道係統，一間間病房以走廊相連，這表示當時建築師已知道隔離傳染病患者的重要。
其實，世界上最早的醫院在我國周代就有了。據《周書·五會篇》記載：周成王在成周大會的會場旁，設過“為諸侯有疾病者之醫藥所居”的場所，這可視為我國醫院的最早雛型。
公元前七世紀，春秋時期最強盛的國家齊國，政治家管仲在首都臨淄建立了“養病院”，收容聾、盲、跛、蹩等病人集中療養。 漢代漢武帝劉徹在各地設置醫治場所，配備醫生、藥物，免費給百姓治病。據《漢書·平帝本紀》記載，漢代時“元始二年(公元2年)，郡國大早蝗，治民疾疫者，舍空邸第，為置醫藥”。這一記載說明當時曾根據疾病流行的情況，設置似現在的隔離醫院。
北魏太和二十一年(公元497年)，孝文帝曾在洛陽設“別坊”，供百姓就醫用。隋代有“病人坊”，收容麻瘋病人。唐開元二十二年(公元734年)，設有“患坊”。布及長安、洛陽等地，還有悲日院、將理院等機構，收容貧窮的殘廢人和乞丐等。
南宋理宗寶佑年間，曾經官至宗正少卿兼中書舍人的劉震孫，在廣東建立“壽安院”，“對辟十室，可容十人，男女東西，界限有別”；“診必工，藥必良，烹煎責兩童”。此外，這家醫院還極注意善後工作．死亡了予以掩埋，病治好了則資助使之返家，可稱得上一家慈濟醫院。
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國外最早的醫院，約始於八、九世紀歐洲 最初是設立在教堂教會等地 而我國類似醫院的組織，最遲在周代就有了 據《周書·五會篇》記載：周成王在成周大會的 會場旁，設過"為諸侯有疾病者之醫藥所居" 的場所這可視為我國醫院的最早雛型 中國曆史上在不同時期都出現過很多類似於 醫院功能的組織和機構，但多為皆曇花一現 《漢書》卷一二《平帝紀》：「郡國大旱 蝗，民疾疫者舍空邸第，為置醫藥。」 這是中央政府在災荒期間的臨時舉措 在性質和功能上其實就是所謂的公立醫院了。
宋元佑四年，蘇東坡任杭州太守， 捐獻50兩私帑，和公家經費合辦安樂坊 三年醫好一千多病人，是曆史上第—個 公私合辦醫院。宋朝醫院規模龐大 數量很多設備完善，並設賣藥所也就是門診部 後改名“和劑局”
【到了元代 阿拉伯醫學傳入我國，1270年在北京設立 "廣惠司"1292年建立"回回藥物院"為阿拉伯式 醫院，這就是上麵提到的最早的中外合營“醫院” 忽必烈的長壽就受益於阿拉伯醫生愛薛。】
真正意義上的現代 西醫醫院是19世紀初，傳入我國的。1835年 美國醫生伯駕(P. Paker)在廣州建立醫局培養 中國最早的西醫醫生，並開辦了博濟醫院 1866年設立醫學堂。這也是中國最早的西醫學 專科教育機構】
中國最早自辦的西醫學院是天津總醫院 附設西醫學堂又名北洋醫學堂、天津軍醫學堂 1893年由清政府接辦天津醫學館改建而成 後改名天津海軍醫學校。1930年停辦。
國立上海醫學院是中國曆史上唯一的 國立醫學院；由國立中央大學醫學院 1932年獨立建校而成。
西醫學教育發源地
1837年，伯駕醫生招收三名青年授傳醫術，成績最佳者屬關韜。至此，中國西醫學教育源起。 1865年正式開班，學生八人，學製三年；1897年學生激增，學製改為四年。1902年成立醫校——南華醫學校，附屬博濟醫院。1930年7月博濟醫院移交嶺南大學。1935年成立嶺南醫學院。
中國第一位留學醫學生黃寬 畢業於愛丁堡醫科大學，1856年回國 開創中國女生學醫先河 （1879年開始招收女生2名，其中張竹君成為 我國最早的知名女西醫）
偉人的光輝 1886年，中國偉大的民主革命先驅孫中山先生投博濟醫院學醫，並開始革命運動。其自雲：予自乙酉中法戰敗年，始決傾覆清廷，創建民國之誌，由是以學堂為鼓吹之地，以醫術為入世之媒。 嶺南大學校董會有感於孫逸仙博士與博濟醫院之密切關係，決定籌建“孫逸仙博士紀念醫院”（即嶺南醫學院）。1935年11月大樓奠基。
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清朝[滬]
1844年，中國醫院(仁濟醫館)開辦，是上海首家西醫醫院。到1910年，上海地區19所醫院共有2100多張床位，占全國醫院總數8.4％。1880年，聖約翰書院首設醫科，為上海最早的醫學堂。1886年，中國博醫會成立。20世紀初,上海不斷對外交流學習，成為了當時中西方醫學交流的中心。
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西醫學教育發源地
1837年，伯駕醫生招收三名青年授傳醫術，成績最佳者屬關韜。至此，中國西醫學教育源起。
1865年正式開班，學生八人，學製三年；1897年學生激增，學製改為四年。1902年成立醫校——南華醫學校，附屬博濟醫院。1930年7月博濟醫院移交嶺南大學。1935年成立嶺南醫學院。
中國第一位留學醫學生黃寬
畢業於愛丁堡醫科大學，1856年回國
開創中國女生學醫先河
（1879年開始招收女生2名，其中張竹君成為
我國最早的知名女西醫）
偉人的光輝
1886年，中國偉大的民主革命先驅孫中山先生投博濟醫院學醫，並開始革命運動。其自雲：予自乙酉中法戰敗年，始決傾覆清廷，創建民國之誌，由是以學堂為鼓吹之地，以醫術為入世之媒。
嶺南大學校董會有感於孫逸仙博士與博濟醫院之密切關係，決定籌建“孫逸仙博士紀念醫院”（即嶺南醫學院）。1935年11月大樓奠基。
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https://www.zhihu.com/question/27939411/answer/48090860
【中國最早創立的醫學院】天津總醫院附設西醫學堂（又名北洋醫學堂），中國政府最早自辦的西醫學堂。亦稱“天津醫學堂”。光緒十九年（1893）由清政府接辦天津醫學館（1881 年倫敦傳教會 Maehenrie 醫生所辦）改建而成，附設於李鴻章創辦的天津總醫院內。主要造就海陸軍外科醫生。天津總醫院副醫官林聯輝任校長，天津稅務署英國醫官歐士敦監督一般醫學事宜。教習均由醫學生出身、已充醫官者擔任。學生以20名為額，挑選極為嚴格。課程按西方醫學校標準，設置生理學等多門。重視“臨症”，課堂學習半年，醫學門徑略能領悟後，即按日輪班，隨醫官往醫院診視。學習年限 4 年，學成後發給執照，準以醫學謀生。1915 年改名天津海軍醫學校。1930年停辦。
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百度百科伯駕條目的介紹說伯駕是“美國利用宗教侵略中國的代表人物”、“第一位來到中國的基督教傳教醫生”。實際上，1807年英國倫敦會來華的傳教士羅伯特•馬裏遜(Robert Morison) 1820年在澳門也開設過診所，盡管是中式診所，但雇有中西醫師，提供免費醫療服務。
1827年，東印度公司的醫生郭雷樞（Thomas .R .Colledge）參與其中，開設眼科醫館，醫務日增，求診者每天有40人之多。從1827年到1832年的5年中，共治愈患者4000多人[3]。但可能是因其規模相對還較小，又沒有延續下來，因此，一般還是以伯駕的博濟醫院為中國的第一家現代醫院。
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Thomas .R .Colledge
https://wenku.baidu.com/view/439b9421482fb4daa58d4bc6.html
Thomas Richardson Colledge (11 June 1797 – 28 October 1879) was an English surgeon with the East India Company at Guangzhou (Canton) who served part-time as the first medical missionary in China, and played a role in establishing the Canton Hospital. In 1837 he founded and served as the first president of the Medical Missionary Society of China.
Dr. Colledge's ophthalmology clinic in Macau
Colledge and his wife Caroline
Colledge was born in Kilsby Northamptonshire on 11 June 1797, and received his early medical education under Sir Astley Cooper, before formal training (late in life) at Aberdeen Universitygraduating MD in 1839, aged 43.[1]
He earlier had found a position with the Honourable East India Company and through them practised inCanton and Macau and some other Chinese ports, first under the Hon. East India Company, and then under the crown, and was superintending surgeon of the Hospitals for British Seamen.
During his residence in Canton and Macau he originated the first infirmary for the indigent Chinese, which was called after him, Colledge's Ophthalmic Hospital. He was also the founder, in 1837, of the Medical Missionary Society in China, and continued to be president of that society to the time of his death. On the abolition of the office of surgeon to the consulate at Canton in May 1841, and his consequent return to England, deep regret was expressed by the whole community, European and native, and a memorial of his services was addressed to her majesty by the Portuguese of the settlement of Macau, which caused Lord Palmerston to settle on him an annuity from the civil list. Before he left Asia, Colledge mentored an American surgeon, Peter Parker, who became the first full-time medical missionary to the Chinese.
Colledge took the degree of M.D. at King's College, Aberdeen, in 1839, became a fellow of theRoyal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1840, a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh1844, and a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, 1853.
The last thirty-eight years of his life were spent in Cheltenham, where he won universal esteem by his courtesy and skill. He died at Lauriston House, Cheltenham, 28 Oct. 1879, aged 83. His widow, Caroline Matilda, died 6 Jan. 1880.
- A Letter on the subject of Medical Missionaries, by T. R. Colledge, senior surgeon to his Majesty's Commission printed at Macau, China, 1836
- Suggestions for the Formation of a Medical Missionary Society offered to the consideration of all Christian Nations Canton, 1836.
October 2001
Thomas ColledgeA Pioneering British Eye Surgeon in China
Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1530-1532. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1530
Popular opinion of medical missionaries has undergone wide swings during the last 2 centuries. Individuals who traveled far from home, often into dangerous territory to spread their religious faith in conjunction with medical care, have been both praised enthusiastically for their benevolent work, and castigated as pompous, presumptuous, and overly pious.1(vii) Considering the enormous effect these Europeans and Americans had in Asia, Africa, and South America, they are little remembered today.
One of the first Western-trained physicians to go to China was an Englishman, Thomas Richardson Colledge, MD (1796-1879).2 After completing his medical education at St Thomas's Hospital in London, Colledge entered the service of the East India Company, the powerful mercantile firm. He practiced medicine in China, at Macao and Canton. He was employed initially by the East India Company, and later by the British government as a surgeon to the consulate at Canton. He also offered his services gratis to the native population. Very few Western-trained physicians had ever treated the Chinese before. In 1827 he created, in Macao, the first institution to offer Chinese people Western medical care. Known as Colledge's Ophthalmic Hospital, it was available for all types of disease but concentrated on ocular problems. Quickly, Dr Colledge became very busy and treated about 4000 patients throughout the next few years.
Macao is an island off the south coast of China, less than 100 miles downriver from Canton, and is now known as Guangzhou. It became the first permanent European foothold in China in 1557. By the time Colledge arrived there, it had been under Portugese colonial control for nearly 300 years. In 1999, after more than 4 centuries of European domination, Macao reverted to Chinese control, as has Hong Kong, and both are now integral parts of the People's Republic of China. Early in the 19th century, the island of Macao was an easier place for a foreigner to live than the mainland city of Canton. The Chinese placed severe restraints on foreign interaction with natives, allowing only limited relationships with tradesmen. In Canton, foreigners were restricted to a tiny waterfront trading area on the Pearl River. Foreign women were excluded from Canton, and if brought out to China, they lived at Macao.
Westerners were not exactly welcomed with open arms by the Chinese government at that time. They were officially considered barbarians, "foreign devils," and were spied upon. Missionaries were forbidden, as was study of the Chinese language. However, Western medical practitioners were able to influence popular opinion through their care and created more respect for Western institutions than did any other aspect of their civilization, including military force. They opened up China "at the point of a lancet."3 Western medicine may not have led Chinese medicine in terms of pharmacologic agents, but it was far ahead in surgical skill and in understanding of anatomy. Nothing in the Chinese medical system could match the propaganda value of curing blindness through a quick operation. The Chinese had not created much of a medical system. Chinese practitioners were not particularly well trained and there was no overall organization to medical education. No degree or diploma was required to practice. Physicians held little status, and surgeons were held in even lower esteem. Very few procedures were done, the notable exceptions being castration to create eunuchs for the Imperial court, draining pus, and closed reduction of fractures. A strong religious bias against disfiguring the human body discouraged surgery. Medical missionaries from abroad found the field wide open for their work and became influential. Cataract surgery was one of the most common surgical procedures performed by the missionary physicians. The technique was couching—displacing the lens into the vitreous. This was a rather simple method, with generally good results. The tiny incision could be made quickly and with little discomfort. Cataract extraction, pioneered by Jacques Daviel in France in the mid 18th century, was a far more formidable procedure than couching in the era before the development of local anesthesia and antisepsis. Extraction required a larger incision, took more time, and entailed a much higher risk, particularly from vitreous loss and infection. The only other ocular procedures done with any frequency were pterygium excision and repair of entropion due to trachoma.
Colledge practiced medicine during the period when ophthalmology was just beginning to emerge as a specialty. He devoted the majority of his energy to eye care. He was a good friend of and mentor to a young American physician, Peter Parker, MD (1804-1888), who came to China 7 years after Colledge and eventually developed worldwide fame for his work there.4 Colledge was primarily a surgeon employed by a trading company and the British government, and secondarily a medical missionary. Parker, who was educated at the Yale divinity and medical schools, was a missionary first and a physician second. Parker wrote why he, and presumably Colledge, were so interested in ophthalmology:
Diseases of the eye were selected as those the most common in China; and being a class in which the native practitioners were most impotent, the cures, it was supposed, would be as much appreciated as any other.5
George Chinnery's Portrait of Thomas Colledge in His Study(Figure 1) shows the doctor in a clinical setting. The artist of the original painting is George Chinnery, an English expatriate who spent 27 years on the China coast and specialized in exquisitely brilliant, fashionable portraits. Notes made by a young American woman who watched the artist help us understand the scene.6,7 On the floor in the far left is a Chinese peasant who faces downward. A sash-like bandage covers his eyes, indicating he has just undergone eye surgery. Seated on a Western style chair is a Chinese woman whose delicate features, especially her red pursed lips, rouged cheek, earring, and glasses give her a stylish appearance. Her coat is draped over the back of her chair. On the floor in front of her lay an umbrella and straw hat. Colledge steadies her head with his right hand, while motioning with the other hand to his Chinese servant to come closer and translate instructions for her care. The woman's son, whose long braided queue stands out on his back, kneels before Colledge and presents him with a chop, a thank-you note on red paper. The boy's bare feet and simple costume contrast with the physician's outfit. Colledge looks elegant in his black jacket, cravat, and upturned collar. The chains about his neck and pinkie ring give him something of a foppish look, but he is the center of attention. As the most upright individual depicted, he is the authority figure. His calm nature contrasts with the weather. The dense gray cloud in the sky, the woman's coat, hat, and umbrella indicate rain. On the table in front of the servant are notebooks, papers, writing implements, and a set of surgical instruments. A beautiful wooden case, lined in fabric, contains forceps, scissors, and other ivory-handled instruments. In the upper left corner of the scene are a few formula features added for interest's sake: a red curtain, an urn on a ledge, and a landscape which gives depth and interest to the setting. Oriental foliage gives way to gray clouds and rays of bright sun beyond. The upper right corner of the canvas shows a framed painting of Colledge's ophthalmic hospital.
After working in China for several years and treating thousands of patients, Colledge, still young, went back to England in 1838, never to return to Asia. Why did he leave abruptly? Overwork has been said to be the cause,1(p45) but is unlikely to have been the real reason. His governmental position was discontinued, but this may not have prevented him from continuing to treat the expatriate community and to provide privately funded care free to the Chinese. Poor surgical results or bad relations with other personnel cannot have been the reason either, since on his return to England "deep regret was expressed by the whole community, European and native, and a memorial of his services was addressed to her majesty by the Portugese of the settlement of Macao.8-10 He was granted an annuity by the British government. The most important reason for Colledge's departure from China may be buried in the East India Company Cemetery at Macao, where the remains of 3 of his children still lie today.11 In 1833 Colledge married Caroline Shillaber, a beautiful young woman from an American family living in Macao. Her brother was the American Consul at Batavia (Jakarta). They must have been devastated by the deaths of 3 of their 4 children born to them in China during the next few years. Life could be short on the south China coast, especially for children. Even for missionaries, life expectancy away from home was low everywhere—less than 10 years. It was a hazardous occupation. The voyage out took months and was dangerous due to weather, the treacherous coastline, and pirates. The outposts were isolated and often disease ridden; not really romantic or adventurous places.
Colledge left Macao for England in April, 1838, 1 month after their fourth son was born. The baby died 8 months later. Six weeks after that unpleasant event, Mrs Colledge and their sole surviving child sailed for England. Colledge may have departed before the rest of his family under governmental orders since he still held the rank of Senior Surgeon of the British Medical Service. Peter Parker took over Colledge's role as medical missionary ophthalmologist to Macao and Canton.
Drs Colledge and Parker, supported by a Protestant clergyman, founded the Medical Missionary Society of China, the first medical missionary society in the world. By the time it was formally inaugurated, Colledge had left for England. He remained President of the society until his death, 42 years later. Excerpts from an address by Colledge, which describes the original goals of the society, reveal his thinking:
The great object of this Society, is to aid the Missionary of the Gospel, and the Philanthropist, in the execution of their good works, by opening avenues for the introduction of those sciences and that religion, to which we owe our own greatness . . . Nothing has been attempted in the medical line with the Chinese that has not met with success; the immediate effects have been good, and when moral and religious instruction shall be united with the healing art, who can say where the influence of such a union shall end? The minds of this people must be gradually prepared for the reception of religious and moral principles, and the surest way to accomplish this, will be by showing them the effects of these principles on our own conduct. They are not capable of understanding abstract truths, but facts and actions speak for themselves. . . The practice of medicine by the Chinese physicians is blended with childish superstitions; and surgical aid cannot be procured even by the opulent, for the practice of surgery in any useful form is unknown among them. The influence then of those who restore them to the exercise of their powers is easily accounted for.12
Unfortunately, Colledge has left us only his remarks on the missionary aspect of his thought and not the details of medical care. He obtained an MD degree (an advanced degree in Great Britain, beyond that necessary to practice medicine), from King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1839. Later, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Scotland; the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He spent his last 38 years in Cheltenham, England, where he practiced medicine and"won universal esteem by his courtesy and skill"2 and the admiration of those around him.
Accepted for publication March 30, 2001.
Corresponding author: James G. Ravin, MD, 3000 Regency Ct, Toledo, OH 43623 (e-mail: jamesravin@aol.com).
1.
Gulick EV Peter Parker and the Opening of China. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press1973;
2.
Thomas Richardson Colledge.
Dictionary of National Biography 11 London, England Smith Elder1887;331
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Cadbury WW At the Point of a Lancet: One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital. Shanghai, China Kelly & Walsh1935;7
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Mayo Clin Proc. 1978;53123- 127
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Hillard K My Mother's Journal: A Young Lady's Diary of Five Years Spent in Manila, Macao, and the Cape of Good Hope from 1829-1834. Boston, Mass G H Ellis1900;192
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Ride LRide M An East India Company Cemetery: Protestant Burials in Macao. Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press1996;175- 177
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Colledge TR The Medical Missionary Society in China. Philadelphia, Pa Medical Missionary Society1838;4
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為何中國最早的西醫醫院都從治療眼病開始？
來源：上觀新聞 作者：方益昉 2017-04-03 13:06
摘要：從技術上說，傳教醫生關注常見病，貼近老百姓，這樣的醫療路徑探索是成功的。其社會效應是，傳教醫生為當地百姓缺醫少藥的情況提供了一定的實質性補充。
1834年10月26日，美國長老會派遣耶魯大學畢業的醫學博士皮特·派克（Peter Parker，清代通事舊譯“伯駕醫生”者）啟程遠赴廣州。曆經一年折騰，伯駕醫生最終在十三行的豬巷（HOG LANE）3號, 即新豆欄7號豐泰行（Fung-tae Hong，San-taulan Street）升匾開張，此事被學界標記為傳教醫生入華執業的源頭。
伯駕診所 關喬昌畫 1839年
在1835年11月4日的“眼科醫局”（又稱新豆欄醫局）首日的工作誌中，伯駕這樣記載：“一共來了4個求診者。其中一位是雙眼全瞎的女性，另一位雙眼視力幾乎喪失。”但伯駕不忍告訴患者，恢複視力機會渺茫，聲稱會竭盡全力治療。還有一位25歲的慢性紅眼症患者，第4位患者雙眼翼狀胬肉，伴右側上眼瞼內翻。
此後，伯駕免費提供醫療服務，一年裏診治的患者累計8000餘人。其施醫規模與眼疾處置相對快速、療效穩定不無關係。伯駕繼而誘使病患聽從上帝呼喚，實現西方教會派遣傳教醫生，傳播福音的主要意圖。
其實，早在伯駕之前，東印度公司雇用的專業醫生已落戶澳門行醫。他們是：曾任Arniston號商船外科醫生的皮爾森（Alexander Pearson，1802年來華）；先後擔任過Lord Thurber號、Cirencester號和Coutts號商船外科醫生的利文斯通（John Livingstone，1808年來華）；做過5年商船外科醫生的郭雷樞（Thomas Richardson Colledge）和Caledonia商船外科醫生伯萊福特（James H. Bradford）。後兩者來華稍遲，分別為1826年和1828年。
隸屬東印度公司的臨床醫生主要為本公司定居商人和流動船員提供不測之需。但當年外籍人員稀疏，這幾位醫生也為當地民眾不時提供西醫服務，此事有圖有真相，比如流傳甚廣的英國畫家喬治·欣納利作品——郭雷樞醫生診所，與伯駕專用畫師關喬昌的作品一樣，兩幅油畫都在呈現本地眼疾患者，接受醫生治療的現場實景。
19世紀的剃頭行當手藝全
輪到更晚一輩的傳教醫生來華施醫送藥並傳播上帝福音的時候，鴉片戰爭已經結束。以往各色外籍人等不得擅自離開十三行“自貿區”的“舊皇法”被廢，五口通商使得西醫傳播的社會條件空前鬆動。於是，各路醫學傳教士各顯神通，到處嚐試設立醫院，包括英國倫敦會派遣的醫學博士洛柯哈特（William Lockhart，舊譯雒魏林）。
在更早的幾年前，雒魏林已經開始在香港協助行醫傳教。1843年後，他特意前往寧波舟山，先後2次開張新式醫院。但是計劃不如變化，當他意識到上海即將成為經濟中心時，便立即將西式“上海醫館”，即仁濟醫院前身的招牌，於1844年掛在了上海老城的東門外鬧市中。
像所有的入華西醫前輩一樣，擁有皇家外科學會頭銜的雒魏林外科大夫，還是照舊打出專治眼病的特色項目，吸引本地民眾前來接受醫療服務，意在迅速擴大上帝福音範圍。從廣州、澳門到上海，洋醫生均以眼科治療拓展西醫，一定程度上與19世紀常見病特點有關。
還是以雒魏林落腳的黃歇浦與洋涇浜交界處為例，沿襲百年的藥局弄、大夫坊上，盡管醫療服務行當雲集，但在170多年前，傳統岐黃術並不熱衷眼病治療。相反，大清皇土最流行的剃頭擔子倒是眼明手快，不僅承擔了皇上規定的剃發行當，還及時介入刮眉、按摩、挖耳、拔牙、甚至“刮沙眼”服務，眼、耳、鼻、口一條龍，項目之多難以想像！
而眼疾流行，恰恰與剃頭匠有關。在沒有抗菌素眼藥水的19世紀，眼瞼微生物感染和季節性傳播往往導致結膜炎爆發，俗稱紅眼病。此病反複發作，極易繼發睫毛倒刺，從而更加引起眼瞼結膜刺激，紅、腫、痛、熱，沙眼衣原體密布，眼瞼菌落水泡成災。
上海開埠初期洋涇浜寫真
剃頭匠說，那就刮沙治療唄！一把汙染的剃刀，刺破過無數菌落，暫時緩解眼部症狀，卻加劇了眼疾的交叉感染。有些自以為是的匠人，有意將患者眼瞼內側的淚腺剔除，據說可以根除內毒外侵，結果引來結膜炎頻發，結締組織增生，嚴重者危及角膜感染，甚至失明。剃頭匠的不當處置，使得眼疾在人口密集的人群中越發不可控製地流行開來。
害人剃頭匠，治病洋醫生。2011年，美國國立衛生研究院（NIH）論文分析了19世紀大清帝國的眼疾發病和病患處理，為西醫東漸之初從眼科著手，引進西醫提供了邏輯依據。通過快捷有效的治療，讓信眾一目了然體驗了西醫手術，眼見為實感受了症狀緩解和抗感染療效。被中醫文化主導了2000年的國度，民眾逐步認可接受西方醫術，繼而信仰西方宗教。
從技術上說，傳教醫生關注常見病，貼近老百姓，這樣的醫療路徑探索是成功的。其社會效應是，傳教醫生為當地百姓缺醫少藥的情況提供了一定的實質性補充。也就是說，在官府老爺壓根不相信紅毛番鬼還能治病救人的年代，年輕的花旗佬伯駕和英國佬雒魏林等洋醫生憑借西醫好手藝，不僅賺到治病救人的好名聲，也確實促進了社區健康。
不過，畢竟早期傳教醫生來華目的主要是擴大教會影響力，尤其在西醫規模弱小，醫院建製化尚未落實的19世紀上半葉，傳教比重更加突出。雒魏林熱衷傳教勝過行醫，平時將醫院交下屬運營，甚至不顧皇法，遠赴青浦縣城幹事業，成為史上“青浦教案”主角。
還是應了那句老話：好事難進門，壞事傳千裏！西醫治病與西醫傳教，在19世紀社會史上毀譽各半，理應成為西醫東漸中值得重新檢驗的一卵雙生學術命題。
（作者係旅美學者、上海交通大學海外教育學院教授，黃楊子整理編輯 原題：關注常見病、貼近老百姓：從仁濟醫院開創者雒魏林談早期西醫診治策略 圖片來源：方益昉 提供 題圖說明：郭雷樞診所 喬治·欣納利畫 1835年 圖片編輯：徐佳敏）
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Colledge, Thomas Richardson". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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