英語翻譯.英語翻譯資料包 by藍海藍天的博客

藍海藍天的博客

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英語翻譯.英語翻譯資料包 2007-11-30 20:27:50 閱讀53 評論0 字號：大中小 訂閱 .

教學目的與要求
教學目的：
闡釋翻譯的性質與特點、介紹翻譯的基本理論、概括翻譯的常用技巧、揭示英漢語言、文化、思維的差異、提高英語理解和漢語表達水平，加強文字素養、培養跨文化交流的能力。
教學要求：
能靈活地運用所學翻譯理論與常用技巧，發揮主觀能動性，做到忠實、通順地翻譯中等難度的文學作品節錄，以及英美報刊雜誌有關政治、經濟、曆史、文化等時文；提高邏輯思維、形象思維、經驗思維等認知能力，通過翻譯表現出較高的綜合素養。
譯者的基本要求
有紮實雙語基礎
有較廣百科知識
有較高理論素養
會高超翻譯技巧
持嚴肅認真態度
具一絲不苟精神
應勤查勤用詞典
培養多種思維力
不斷總結與完善

Basic Knowledge about Translation
Translation history in China
Important role of translation
Nature and Scope of translation
Principles or Criteria of Translation
Literal Translation and Free Translation
Translation Techniques

Translation History in China
周代《禮記》：五方之民，言語不通，嗜欲不同，達其誌，通其欲，東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯。
東漢至唐代：佛經翻譯（translation of Buddhist scriptures)
三大佛經翻譯家：鳩摩羅什、真諦、玄奘

Translation History in China
明清科技翻譯和社科翻譯
徐光啟和利瑪竇《幾何原本》
嚴複《天演論》、《原富》等
林紓 《巴黎茶花女遺事》
五四時期：魯迅、瞿秋白
新中國成立後
佳譯與誤譯舉例
Coca Cola 可口可樂
Club 俱樂部
Laser 激光
Hacker 黑客
Role of translation in international politics
二戰期間日本對波茨坦公告表示mokasutu

“高明地不表態”（keep silent sophisticatedly)
“不理睬，蔑視”（ignore,despise)

Nature and Scope of Translation
翻譯是“把一種語言文字的意義用另一種語言文字表達出來”的活動。（《詞海》）
“翻譯就是用接受語複製出原語信息最接近的自然本質體——首先就意義而言，其次就其風格而言。”（Nida）
翻譯就是“把一種語言（源發語）的文本材料替換成另一種語言（目的語）中對等的文本材料” （Catford）
Nature of translation
漢語中的“翻譯”一詞：
A subject in the cirriculum
A job people are engaged in
A piece of literary work
The translating or interpreting work itself
The translator or interpreter himslef/herslef
翻譯是科學（a science)
翻譯是藝術（an art)
翻譯是技巧（a craft)
Scope of translation
1)從出發語和歸宿語的角度來看，翻譯可分為本族語譯為外語，外語譯為本族語。
2)從翻譯的手段來看，可分為口譯、筆譯和機器翻譯。
3)從翻譯的內容來看，可分為文學翻譯、政治翻譯、科技翻譯和其他應用文翻譯。
4）按具體處理方式分為全譯、摘譯和編譯等。

Principles or Criteria of Translation
嚴複：信、達、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)
傅雷：神似（spiritual conformity)
錢鍾書：化境（sublimed adaption)
張培基：忠實、通順（faithfulness and smoothness)

Literal Translation and Free Translation
直譯（literal translation)

意譯（free translation)

音譯（transliteration)
Literal translation
How are you? *怎麽是你？
How old are you? *怎麽老是你？
horse horse tiger tiger *馬馬虎虎
where cool where you stay!!
*哪兒涼快哪兒呆著
you give me stop!! *你給我站住！！
we are brother，who and who？
*咱哥倆誰跟誰啊
Literal transaltion
Breathe one’s last (斷氣）
Go to one’s eternal rest （安息）
See God(見上帝）
See Marx(見馬克思）
Go west(歸西）
Kick the bucket(蹬腿兒了）
Go to heaven(進天國）

Literal translation
Corcodile tears（鱷魚的眼淚）
Be armed to the teeth（武裝到牙齒）
Chain reaction (連鎖反應）
Gentlemen’s agreement(君子協定）
四書五經 （the Four Books and the Five Classics)
一國兩製 （one country, two systems)
Free translation
Adam’s apple 喉結
At sixes and sevens 亂七八糟
It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必擔心過早。（不必自尋煩惱）。
Do you see any green in my eye? 你以為我是幼稚可欺的嗎？
Literal translation and free translation
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.
Lt: 罐兒再醜，配個蓋兒不犯愁。
Ft: 醜女不愁嫁。
What the tougue says, the neck pays for.
Lt: 舌頭說話，脖子還帳。
Ft: 舌頭闖禍，脖子遭殃。
Literal translation and free translation
Little fish does not eat big fish.
Lt: 小魚吃不了大魚。
Ft: 胳膊擰不過大腿。
A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.
Lt: 禮物是打開把你關在門外的房門的鑰匙。
Ft: 大門把你關門外，禮物送到門自開。

A 毛澤東又很好的教養，內部是剛，有堅強
的抗力，是堅韌的材料製成的：這是義和團設
想的由於神力具有的、可以把腹部袒露給外國
人的子彈的那種材料。


B: 毛澤東教養有素，精神支柱鐵鑄鋼打，不怕高壓，是由堅韌的組織構成的。這種組織，就是義和拳認為他們通過魔法得到的那種組織——袒胸露體，刀槍不入。
Translation Techniques
1) Diction 選字用詞
2）Amplification 增益
3）Omission 省略
4）Repetition 重複
5）Conversion 轉換
6）Restructuring 詞序調整
7）Negation 正說反譯，反說正譯
8）Division 長句拆譯
practice
Every life has its roses and thorns.

He carried his age astonishingly well.
他一點兒不顯老，麵容年輕得令人驚訝。
Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed.
尼克鬆對受到破格禮遇非常高興，但並
沒有受寵若驚。
“I’ll have Lisa where I want her.”
“我要讓麗莎乖乖聽話。”


He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬隊伍的前頭，還不時用一條大手絹抹去他那鱷魚的眼淚。
It is the same old story of not grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
Send 的翻譯
You luggage will be sent up very soon.
He was given a big send-off at the station.
Who sent the letter?
Have you sent off the order?
Please send him in.
He sends words that he wouldn’t be coming.


Could you send *****. to help us?
Please send the goods by air.
The shot sent the birds flying away.
Send for the doctor, please.

A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.

一張問候卡可以溫暖一顆心，握緊一雙手，傾聽肺腑言，輕拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，撩得心癢癢，抹去淚汪汪；它給孩子以驚喜，給戀人以溫存，給新娘以祝福，給路人以歡迎；它可用以揮手告別，高聲喝彩，送上飛吻，也可用以平息爭吵，減輕痛苦，提高士氣，消除憂慮，開創一種新風尚。




Diction（遣詞用字）
Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level（英漢詞字層次上的對等關係）
Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word（英語詞義辨析法）
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英語詞語翻譯技巧）
Context （語境）
I’ll finish the book next week.
As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
真幸運，發生爆炸時大樓裏沒有人。
As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
真不巧，野餐那天下雨了。
Context
Tension is building up.
形勢緊張起來。
張力在增大。
電壓在增加。
壓力在增強。
情緒越來越緊張。
血壓在增高。


Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level
Word-for-Word Correspondence（詞義完全對等)
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning（詞義多種同義對等）
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（詞義多種不同對等）
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （詞義交織對等）
Words Without Equivalents（無對等詞語）
Word-for-Word Correspondence（詞義完全對等)
Marxism =馬克思主義
The U.S. State Department=美國國務院
The Pacific Ocean=太平洋
Aspirin=阿斯匹林
白血病=leukemia
非典=SARS（severe acute respiratory syndrome ）
One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning
Wife:妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內人
Potato: 馬鈴薯、洋芋、土豆、山藥蛋
人：human being, man, people, person
犬：dog, hound, spaniel(長毛垂耳狗 ）, mastiff（大猛犬 ）, terrier(小獵犬 )
One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings（
Cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹
President: 總統、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長
Carry:搬、運、送、提、挑、抬、背、扛、抱、端、夾、捧
走：walk, amble, stride, trudge, tiptoe
機：machine, engine, plane, aircraft
羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb
Equivalents Interwoven with One Another （詞義交織對等）
Say 說
Speak 講
Talk 談
Tell 訴
Words Without Equivalents（無對等詞語）
Teenager: 13至19歲的青少年
Prey: 被捕食的動物
Clock-watcher: 老是看鍾等下班的人
Dress a baby 給嬰兒穿衣
Dress a chicken 把雞放血、去毛、去頭和內髒開膛待烹
陰 yin
陽 yang
英語詞義辨析法
Judging from the Word Formation（根據構詞法辨析詞義）
Judging from the References（指代關係）
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或詞的搭配）
Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties（不同學科或專業類型）
Judging from the Word Formation（根據構詞法辨析詞義）
parabiospheric=para-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(having the form of a sphere)=外生物層的
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis=pneumono(of lung)+ultra(beyond)+micor(very small)+scopic(of viewing or observing)+silico(of silicon)+volcano(of volcano)+coni(koni, of dust)+osis(forming the name of a disease)=矽酸鹽沉著病，肺塵病（一種礦工易染的病）
Judging from the References（指代關係）
1）第三人稱代詞；不定代詞（some, any, each, both,much, few, little)
He(father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.
他送約翰上大學，巴望能讓兒子出類拔萃。

Judging from the References（指代關係）
2）指示代詞和副詞(this, that, these, those,here, there, now, then, etc.)
Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康比財富更重要，因為財富不能像健康那樣給人那麽多幸福。（或：因為後者不能像前者那樣給人那麽多幸福。）
Judging from the References（指代關係）
3）比較
I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.
我討厭穿爛襯衫，喜歡穿白襯衫，而最喜歡穿灰襯衫。
Judging from the Context and Collocation（上下文或詞的搭配）
His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. （發生故障）
Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. （研製避雷針）
A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.（得出論斷）

Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. （培育新品種）
As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. （患上結核病）
We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich. （開發資源）
In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. （進行設計）
delicate
Delicate skin 嬌嫩的皮膚
Delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器
Delicate upbringing 嬌生慣養
Delicate living 奢侈的生活
Delicate health 虛弱的身體
Delicate stomach 容易吃壞的胃
Delicate vase 容易碰碎的花瓶

Delicate diplomatic question 微妙的外交問題
Delicate difference 講不大清楚的差別
Delicate surgical operation 難做的外科手術
Delicate ear for music 對音樂有鑒賞力
Delicate sense of smell 靈敏的嗅覺
Delicate touch 生花妙筆
Delicate food 美味的食物
Delicate features 清秀的五官


Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties
Base 詞根、本金、底塗、基線、根據地
The lathe should be set on a frim base.
車床應安裝在堅實的底座上。
As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
眾所周知，堿與酸反應生成鹽。
Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。
He is on the second base.
他在二壘。
Techniques of Translating a Given English Word （英語詞語翻譯技巧）
Deduction 推演法
Transplant 移植法
Extension 引申法
Substitution 替代法
Explanation 釋義法
Combination 合並法
Transliteration 音譯法
Pictographic Translation 圖形法
Deduction
Boomer:a person born in the marked rise in birthrate (as in the U.S. immediately following the end of World War II) 生於高峰期出生的人
Community:a social group or class having common interests 群體，…派（界）
Challenge: to question the lawfulness or rightness of (something or somebody) 對…表示懷疑，質疑；對…提出異議
Transplant
Microwave 微波
Supermarket 超級市場
Splashdown 濺落
Dataphone 數據送話（機）

Extension
Bottleneck 瓶頸 交通狹口 阻塞
Brain trust 腦托拉斯 智囊團
Brain drain 腦排幹 人才外流 人才流失
It is more than transient everydayness.
這遠非一時的柴米油鹽問題。
Substitution
To kill *****. as an example 殺一儆百
Please withhold the handout.
請不要發這些材料。
He was indeed a good riddance. 他還是不在的好。
The same is not true with a mortal illness.
如果是得了不治之症，情況就不一樣了。
explanation
Mindlessness 思想上的混沌狀態
Togetherness 不分彼此的集體感
Redshirt 美國大學中在體育方麵有發展前途的學生
Swan song 絕唱，辭世之作，歸天之作
A throwaway society 一個大手大腳、浪費成風的社會
Combination
So subtle and careful an observer
一位如此精細的觀察者
His mendacity and dishonesty
他的狡詐
A grim and tragic Christmas
一個慘淡的聖誕節
The body and mind cramped by noxious work
有害工作造成的身心困頓
Transliteration
Wall Street 華爾街
The Times 泰晤士報
Pentium 奔騰
Citroen 雪鐵龍
Clone 克隆
Internet 因特網
Hacker 黑客
Pictographic Translation
H-beam 工字梁
O-ring 環形圈
U-steel 槽鋼
V-belt 三角皮帶
X-brace 交叉支撐
Y-curve 叉形曲線
Amplification（增詞法）
Supplying words omitted in the original
Supplying necessary connectives
Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
Logical thinking
Supplying words of generalization
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
repetition
Supplying words omitted in the original
Matter can be changed to energy, and energy into matter.
物質可以轉化為能，能也可以轉化為物質。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.
我狂熱地愛上了她，她也狂熱地愛上了我。
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會和觀看乒乓球表演以後，他還得起草最後公報。
Supplying necessary connectives
Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受熱，就會汽化。
However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.
不管鍋爐與蒸汽管封閉的多麽嚴密，還是有一部分熱散失損耗掉。
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因為空氣具有重量，所以處在空氣中的任何物體都會受到空氣的作用力。

Supplying words to convey the concept of plurality
He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.
他伸出雙腿，露出腿上的道道傷痕。
The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山開始向山穀投下一道道蔚藍色長影。
The lion is the king of animals.
獅是百獸之王。
Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear
After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
一切準備工作就緒以後，飛機就起飛了。
Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用會使鋼鐵生鏽。
Persuasion 說服工作 backwardness 落後狀態 tension 緊張局勢 arrogance 自滿情緒 madness 瘋狂行為



Logical thinking
Air pressure decreases with altitude.
氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。
I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.
我學過，三角形的兩邊之和大於第三邊。

Supplying words of generalization
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
根據科學家的看法，自然界要用500年的時間才能形成一英寸厚的表層土壤。
The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.
美日雙方在完全保密的情況下互相交換了信件。
For purposes of rhetoric or coherence
This printer is indeed cheap and fine.
這部打印機真是物美價廉。
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.
不錯，我喜歡中國菜。現在很多人都喜歡中國菜，這種情況算是有點兒趕時髦吧！
Day after day he came to his work---sweeping, scrubbing,cleaning.
他每天來幹活——掃地，擦地板，收拾房間。

Repetition
Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此電腦。
He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.
他不再夢見風暴，不再夢見驚人的遭遇，也不再夢見大魚、搏鬥和角力。





被動語態

The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation



•The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice 被動語態轉為主動語態

•The Passive Voice Converted into a Sentence Without a Subject 被動語態轉為無主句

•The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged 被動語態保持不變

•The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures 被動語態用其他手段代替



The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice

•1）The Original Subject Unchanged

•2) Changing Original Object into Subject

•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”

•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth

•1）The Original Subject Unchanged

•2) Changing Original Object into Subject

•3) Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb “是”

•4) Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth