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Top 20 Physicists of All Time

#	Name	Key Contributions	Era
1	Isaac Newton	Classical mechanics, universal gravitation, optics, calculus	17th–18th century
2	Albert Einstein	Theory of relativity (special and general), photoelectric effect, quantum theory foundations	20th century
3	James Clerk Maxwell	Unified electricity and magnetism (Maxwell's equations), kinetic theory	19th century
4	Galileo Galilei	Kinematics, experimental method, heliocentric model supporter	16th–17th century
5	Niels Bohr	Quantum theory of the atom, Copenhagen interpretation	20th century
6	Richard Feynman	Quantum electrodynamics (QED), Feynman diagrams, popularizing science	20th century
7	Werner Heisenberg	Matrix mechanics, uncertainty principle	20th century
8	Max Planck	Quantum theory originator (Planck constant), blackbody radiation	19th–20th century
9	Enrico Fermi	Nuclear physics, first nuclear reactor, Fermi-Dirac statistics	20th century
10	Paul Dirac	Dirac equation (relativistic quantum mechanics), predicted antimatter	20th century
11	Michael Faraday	Electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, electrolysis	19th century
12	Stephen Hawking	Hawking radiation, black holes, cosmology, popular science	20th–21st century
13	Erwin Schrödinger	Wave mechanics, Schrödinger equation, quantum theory	20th century
14	Johannes Kepler	Laws of planetary motion, optics	17th century
15	Galileo Galilei	Telescopic astronomy, free-fall motion, inertia (pre-Newton)	17th century
16	Lise Meitner	Co-discovery of nuclear fission (uncredited by Nobel), nuclear physics	20th century
17	Hendrik Lorentz	Lorentz transformations, electrodynamics	19th–20th century
18	Murray Gell-Mann	Quark theory, particle classification (Eightfold Way)	20th century
19	J.J. Thomson	Discovery of the electron	19th–20th century
20	Leonard Susskind	String theory, holographic principle, black hole physics	20th–21st century

Top 20 Scientists of All Time

#	Name	Field(s)	Key Contributions
1	Isaac Newton (1643–1727)	Physics, Mathematics	Laws of motion, universal gravitation, calculus (co-inventor), optics
2	Albert Einstein (1879–1955)	Physics	Theory of relativity (special & general), mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²)
3	Charles Darwin (1809–1882)	Biology	Theory of evolution by natural selection
4	Marie Curie (1867–1934)	Chemistry, Physics	Radioactivity research, discovered polonium & radium; 2 Nobel Prizes
5	Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)	Astronomy, Physics	Telescope improvements, heliocentrism, laws of motion
6	Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)	Electrical Engineering, Physics	AC electricity, wireless communication, induction motor
7	Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)	Microbiology, Chemistry	Germ theory, pasteurization, vaccines for rabies & anthrax
8	Aristotle (384–322 BCE)	Natural Philosophy	Early biology, logic, ethics; foundational thinker in science and philosophy
9	James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)	Physics	Electromagnetic theory, Maxwell’s equations
10	Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907)	Chemistry	Created the periodic table, predicted elements
11	Stephen Hawking (1942–2018)	Cosmology, Physics	Black hole radiation (Hawking radiation), popularizing science
12	Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)	Genetics	Father of modern genetics, laws of inheritance
13	Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)	Engineering, Anatomy, Art	Anatomical studies, visionary designs, polymath genius
14	Richard Feynman (1918–1988)	Physics	Quantum electrodynamics, Feynman diagrams, science communication
15	Alan Turing (1912–1954)	Mathematics, Computer Science	Turing machine, breaking Enigma code, father of theoretical computer science
16	Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)	Taxonomy, Botany	Binomial nomenclature, system for classifying organisms
17	Niels Bohr (1885–1962)	Physics	Atomic structure, quantum theory development
18	Michael Faraday (1791–1867)	Physics, Chemistry	Electromagnetism, electrochemistry, electric motor
19	Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)	Astronomy, Mathematics	Laws of planetary motion, optics
20	Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)	Molecular Biology	X-ray crystallography; key to discovery of DNA structure