對鹽的看法

來源: 2022-09-26 12:44:55 [博客] [舊帖] [給我悄悄話] 本文已被閱讀:

我在實踐周福滿的時候,鹽吃得很少。後來由於新的觀點和研究結果的出現,我對限鹽改變了看法。下麵是我目前的觀點:

1. 日常鹽的量用在我味覺感到合適的下限。就是說,感到味道夠了,就不要再加鹽了。

2. 高鹽顯然不好。鹽吃得多,你的體液就多,血液體積就大。如果你調節血壓的機製有些問題,就可能造成高血壓。

3. 過低的鹽也不好。主要原因有二:A, 鹽吃得太少,血液體積就降低。你的身體對低於正常的體液的一個反應是激活腎素,血管緊張素和醛固酮係統。長期激活這些激素對身體是有害的。B,較新的研究認為鹽不僅在體液中,也存在於皮膚中,參與對抗微生物入侵的免疫反應。如果身體含鹽太少,人的抗病能力會下降。另外,有研究表明低鹽可能是骨質疏鬆的危險因素,有網友懷疑低鹽頭發白得快。雖我沒有看到有關文獻,但不排除這種可能。

4. 對於采用生酮飲食的人來說,要適當補充鹽分,也就是食物不能太淡。因為生酮飲食導致胰島素降低,這使腎髒排鈉增加。如果不從飲食中獲得足夠的鈉,身體就不能維持正常的血液容量,導致血壓過低。

對高血壓而言,限鹽也是治標的一種,其實與吃藥沒有太大區別。最後要提的一點是:一種營養成分的合適的量一般是呈U字形的,有一個理想的範圍,太多或太少往往都不好。鹽的事情還有很多可說,我知識有限,所見不多,就聊這麽多吧。推薦下麵一篇文章, 其觀點我基本讚同。各位根據下麵的摘要文字和文章最重要的圖來決定是否看正文。我翻譯水平有限,采取穀歌翻譯,謬誤難免,敬請注意,不清楚之處請參考原文。

Sodium Intake and Health: What Should We Recommend Based on the Current Evidence?(穀歌翻譯:鈉攝入量與健康:根據目前的證據,我們應該推薦什麽?)

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3232/htm#B24-nutrients-13-03232

Several health organizations recommend low sodium intake (below 2.3 g/day, 5.8 g/day of salt) for entire populations, on the premise that lowering of sodium intake, irrespective of its level of intake, will lower blood pressure and, in turn, will result in a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. These guidelines were developed without effective interventions to achieve long term sodium intakes at low levels in free-living individuals and without high-quality evidence that low sodium intake reduces cardiovascular events (compared with average levels of intake). In this review, we examine whether advice to consume low amounts of sodium is supported by robust evidence. We contend that current evidence indicates that most people around the world consume a moderate range of dietary sodium (3 to 5 g/day), that this level of intake is associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, and that the risk of adverse health outcomes increases when sodium intakes exceeds 5 g/day or is below 3 g/day. While the current evidence has limitations, it is reasonable, based upon prospective cohort studies, to suggest a mean target of below 5 g/day in populations, while awaiting the results of large randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease and death.

 

穀歌翻譯摘要

一些健康組織建議整個人群的鈉攝入量較低(低於 2.3 克/天,5.8 克/天的鹽),前提是降低鈉攝入量,無論攝入量如何,都會降低血壓,進而,會降低心血管疾病的發病率。這些指南的製定沒有有效的幹預措施來實現自由生活個體的長期低鈉攝入量,也沒有高質量的證據表明低鈉攝入量可以減少心血管事件(與平均攝入量相比)。在這篇綜述中,我們檢查了是否有強有力的證據支持攝入少量鈉的建議。我們認為,目前的證據表明,世界上大多數人的膳食鈉攝入量範圍適中(3 至 5 克/天),這一攝入量與心血管疾病和死亡率的最低風險相關,並且當鈉攝入量超過 5 克/天或低於 3 克/天時,不良健康後果會增加。雖然目前的證據有局限性,但基於前瞻性隊列研究,建議人群中的平均目標低於 5 g/天,同時等待關於減少鈉鹽對心血管疾病和死亡的大型隨機對照試驗的結果是合理的。

Figure 1. Conceptual diagram of health risk by sodium intake levels based on the current evidence. The lowest risk range (i.e., “sweet spot”) for sodium intake is at ~3 to 5 g/day, with both lower and higher levels of intake associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease or death. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendation for sodium corresponds with a higher risk of adverse health outcomes.

穀歌翻譯:圖 1. 基於當前證據的鈉攝入量健康風險概念圖。 鈉攝入量的最低風險範圍(即“最佳點”)約為 3 至 5 克/天,攝入量越低或越高,心血管疾病或死亡的風險越高。 美國人膳食指南 (DGA) 對鈉的建議與不良健康後果的風險較高相對應。我的注釋:3到5克鈉大體對應於8到12克鹽。