萃取是有機合成中幾乎每天都用到的操作,最常用的萃取方式就是利用對產物溶解度好的有機溶劑將產物從水中萃取出來,比水密度小的乙酸乙酯和比水密度大的二氯甲烷是最常用的萃取溶劑。為了增加萃取效果可以在乙酸乙酯中加入少量四氫呋喃,在二氯甲烷中加入少量甲醇。或者更極端的情況,產物水溶性極好,可以先將水溶液加入氯化鈉飽和,用乙腈或四氫呋喃萃取食鹽飽和的水溶液。以上這些方法都隻有一個目的,就是增加萃取溶劑對產物的溶解度,增強萃取效果。下麵介紹一個石油醚萃取的應用,這裏說的確實不是利用石油醚萃取產物,但它可以從DMF中萃取雜質。 下麵是一個非常常見的反應,碳酸鉀當堿,在DMF中的取代反應。 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8YejwedXV18XcrhxEQAYuMj4+rvr5egUBATqdT3d3dqq6utrospMC9e/cSevU15vTp0/zBBQDYwtatW5fd+P7q1av63ve+p2AwqHfffVednZ0WVIdMYJEaIMOi0agaGxu1c+dOhUIhNTU1aWxsjHC4yQWDQX3zm9/Uw4cPrS4FAIDHHD9+XOfOnZMkdXV16dixYxZXhHShgwhkUFtbm1paWhSNRlVWViafz6eCggKry0KaLTdcJyZ+2E44HFZDQwOvygIAbOnUqVMaGhqS3+9XV1eXnn32WZ06dcrqspBiBEQgAwYGBtTY2Kjx8XEVFRXJ7/fL6/VaXRYyZKXhOpIUCARUUlJivn3r1q1MlQUAQNKuXr2qu3fvKhwO69q1a6qpqdG2bdusLgspxBBTII2mpqZ06NAhHTp0SJFIRD6fT2NjY4RDmLxerzwej9VlAACQkG3btpnTYsLhMHsg5iACIpAG0WhUJ0+e1M6dOzUwMKCGhgZNTk6qoaHB6tJgQzMzM+b/VxqKCgCAXZw6dcp8cdPv9+vq1asWV4RUIiACKdbR0aGdO3fqwoUL8nq9Ghsbk8/nU35+vtWlwYaOHTtmzkGUpFdffdXCagAASExXV5dcLpck6f3332eRtRzCHEQgRUKhkOrr6zU6OqqCggL19/ertLTU6rJgA8FgcMXtK+LDYW1traqqqjJVFgAA61ZYWKjq6mqdPn2aRdZyDAERSIHGxka1tbUpPz9fra2tamhokMPhsLos2Eh8EFyOx+PhDysAwDK9vb2SpC1btiR8zqlTp/Tiiy+mqyRYhIAIpMDBgwc1Pz+v5uZmOZ1Oq8tBFop1GS9duqTDhw9bXQ4AYJPZs2dPRs+DfREQgRQoKytTWVmZ1WXApjwej9ra2hbd9+DBA3366afmflLSoy7jiRMnVFRUtOKQVAAAssXAwIC8Xi+jqrIMAREAMmC5V1hj252cP39ep0+flvQoJL777rsMNwUAZLXx8XGVl5erqKhIg4ODLNaXRVjFFAAs9q1vfWvR27du3bKoEgAAUqOoqEg+n0+jo6PavXu3pqamrC4JCSIgAgAAAEi5uro6+f1+RSIR7du3T6Ojo1aXhAQQEAHAYu++++6it7du3WpRJQAApFZZWZkGBwc1Pz+vkpISDQwMWF0S1sAcRABIs5mZGZ0/f37Z9/X39ysYDC6679VXX81EWQAAZITb7dbg4KDKy8tVXl6u9vZ2VVdXW10WVkBABIA0C4fD5iI0a/F4PKqqqkpzRQAAZFZxcbEZEmtqahSNRtXQ0GB1WWuKRCIaHR1VKBTSJ598or/4i7/QlStXrC4rrQiIAGAT5eXlunHjhtVlAACQFgUFBWZIbGxs1M9//nP5fD6ry1okEAgoFArpv/7rvxQKhRYtrrNjxw4FAgG98MILOb29GQERAFJsy5Yt8ng8CR9/6NAhPffcc+a2FwAA5Kr8/Hz19/ersrJSbW1tikQi6u7utmSvxNHRUY2OjupnP/uZQqHQY4voeL1eVVRU6Gtf+5rcbrecTqe2b9+u+vp6lZaW5uz+jgTEJF29elVffPGFnnrqKR0/fnzN4x8+fKjLly9Lkl577TXl5eWlu0QAFissLNTt27etLgMAAFtyOBzy+/2qr69XR0eHotGoent707pXYiQSUSgUMsNgKBTS/Py8+f6ioiJVV1fr61//uoqLi+V2u5e9Tmtrq2pqatTW1qampqa01WulJwzDMKwuIpvs379fwWBQHo8noSeAw8PD2rt3ryRpaGho2c2ygY2amprS9u3b1dzcrLNnz1pdDgAAQELOnj2rlpYWFRcXq7+/X06nc8PXnJ+fVygUUiAQMIeKRiIR8/1Op1Nut1tf+9rX5PV65Xa7k+oG7t69W+Pj45qcnExJvXZDBxEAAACAJc6ePauCggLV1NRo3759GhwcVEFBQVLXiA0P/dnPfmYOG43n9XoXdQeTvf5S7e3t2rdvn06ePKnu7u4NXcuOCIgAAAAALFNdXS2n06ny8nLt3r1bg4ODKi4uXvbYqakpc6jo6OioAoHAovcXFxerrq7OnDe40nU2wu12q6KiQteuXdPrr7+elo9hJQIiAAAAAEuVlpbqzp07Kikp0b59++T3++V2u835grG5g9Fo1DzH6XSqrKxMX//61+V2u5MeKroRPp9PfX19qqmp0cjISEY+ZqYQEAEAAABYrri4WHfu3NGhQ4d08uTJRUNFHQ6H3G63Dh48aC4iY+X8P6fTqTfffFMtLS26fv26KioqLKsl1QiIAAAAAGyhqKhInZ2d+uu//mvV19frL//yL1VcXGzLYZxNTU360Y9+pMbGRpWVleXMthdfsroAAAAAAIh58OCBvvjiCx0+fFjV1dW2DIfSo65me3u7IpGIWlparC4nZeggrtPMzIz2799vdRkAAABAToltSZENW0iUlZXJ7Xarra1Nr7/+elbUvBYC4jqFw2GFw2GrywAkSfn5+WpubpbX67W6FAAAgA35+c9/Lkkb3o4iU9rb27V7927V19fL7/dbXc6GERDXyeVyaevWrQkdGwwG01wNNrv8/HydPXvW6jIAAAA2LBKJyOFwKD8/3+pSEhLbWqOjo0OhUEhut9vqkjaEgLhOW7du1e3bt9c8bnh4WHv37s1ARQAAAED2m5qayrqhms3Nzbp27Zrq6+uzftsLFqkBAAAAYBuRSCRrhpfGOJ1Otba2anR0VB0dHVaXsyEERAAAAAC2EYlEsq6DKEl1dXUqKipSS0uL5ufnrS5n3QiIAAAAAGxhfn5e0Wg06zqI0qNtL1pbWxWJRHTy5Emry1k3AiIAAAAAW4htcZHoYpB2U1ZWptLSUnV0dGh8fNzqctaFgAgAAADAFqampiRlxx6IK2ltbZWkrO0iEhABAAAA2EIuBMTYthd9fX0aGBiwupykERABAAAA2EJsiGk2zkGM9+abb8rpdGZlF5GAmKQdO3bI4/Fox44dCR2/ZcsWeTweeTwebdmyJc3VAQAAANlrZmZGUnZ3EKVH9b/55psaHR1VW1ub1eUk5QnDMAyriwAAAACAyspKBQIBTU9PW11KSuzevVuRSEQjIyNZE3rpIAIAAACwhWzdA3ElsW0vLl68aHUpCSMgJml4eFjDw8OamJhI+hwAAAAAK5uamsqpgFhaWqqysjJ1dHRodHTU6nISQkBMUmVlpfbu3asdO3YoEAisefzw8LD27t2rvXv3EhIBAACAVeRaQJQkn88nKXu2vSAgbsCZM2esLgEAAADICbEVTP/sz/7M4kpSq6CgQHV1dRoYGFBfX5/V5ayJgLgBwWBQb7zxhtVlAAAAAFkvV7a4WE5ra6u57cX8/LzV5ayKgLhOLpdLknTp0qWEhpoCAAAAWFksIObaEFNJcjgcam1t1fj4uDo6OqwuZ1VftrqAbHXkyBHdvHlT4XBYZ86c0e3bt60uCbCV8+fPr/vc1157TXl5eQoEAvr000/XPP7FF1/Unj17kvoY8dd+7rnn5PV6kzrn1KlTSX28VF73pz/9qe7evStJeuqpp3T8+PGU1NHT06MbN27o888/N/eh2rp1qyoqKnT06FFt27Yt4WsFAgH19PTo3r17i661Y8cOVVVVJfT1BgBsLrkcECWpurpa77//vlpaWlRRUWHfz9NAUlwulyHJOHfunHHz5k1DkiHJOHHixLLHDw0NmccMDQ1luFrAOrGflfXcYj8r586dS/gcj8eT1M+Yx+NZdG4iYvW4XK51fU1Scd0PPvhgUd0PHjzY8Me/cuXKmt8vl8tlnDt3bs1r3bt3b9HXdrXv1+Dg4IZrBwDkjubmZkOSMT09bXUpaXPnzh1DklFXV2d1KSuig7gBhw8fVm1trbq6unTp0iW99NJLvCoOLNi1a5e2bt362P0zMzMKh8NyuVzLvl+StmzZ8th9Ho9n2WNj1wsGg6qsrNS///u/q7CwcNXapqenNTMzI5fLZZ4bCARs//Pb09Ojl19+WdKjr0cqRi4cO3ZMXV1dkh4NnT9w4IC8Xq927typBw8e6D/+4z/M0RKnT5/WZ599ps7OzhXre/vttxUOh80aDx06pBdffFGSFAqF9PHHH8vv9ysYDKqkpEQffPCBqqqqNvx5AACy38zMjBwOh307ayngdrtVUVGhjo4OvfrqqyouLra6pMdZnVCzTXwH0TAM48GDB+Z9y3Uh6CACi8W6S4l07RLtrN28edP8OSwvL1/zuidOnDCPLS8vNyQZtbW1KasnWYlcd2nnMJUfN/b5r9SNfPDgwaKu4M2bNx87ZmhoyPweuFyuVbuDg4ODizqWdBIBAIZhGKWlpUZBQYHVZaTd9PS04XA4DK/Xa3Upy2KRmg3Ky8vTpUuXJLGqKWCVw4cP68CBA5Jkzs1bzc2bNyVJzz//vI4ePSpJunXrVvoK3KB0dA6np6d17do1SVJ5ebk6OzuVl5e37LF5eXnq7+83F+d67733HjumoaHB7Az39vau2o31er3q7e01r8eWQQAAServ79fk5KTVZaRdJBLRU089JYfDoWg0anU5jyEgpkBsqKnEqqaAVZ599llJUjgc1sTExIrHBQIBM8gcPXpUVVVV5lDTq1evZqrchKUjHEqPQlns65DI552Xl6fq6mq5XC7NzMws+hr39PQoGAxKkt56662EFgzas2eP3nrrLUmPXlzr6elZ52cCAED2mJqa0qFDh/Tb3/5W7e3tys/Pt7qkxxAQU6StrY1XwwEbcLlcq85BvHz5sqRHK2rGVuWMdR+vX7+e/gKTkK5wKP2+Yxr/dVjLqVOn9Mknn2hiYmLR1/jGjRuSHn3tk5lPGAvnkvSjH/0o4fMAZKeJiQmdP39ex44d0/79+3Xs2DGdP39+1Rf1kDsePnyo4eFhDQ8PJ3zOxMSEhoeHc+YxEo1GVVJSomg0qsHBQdvu90hATBGGmgLWiR8ueeTIkVWPiw1BffXVV837Y6EmtliNHaQzHE5MTJgLyRw6dCipc5cLk7Gv6UqLDq0mFs5jW2EAyD2BQED79+/Xjh07dPr0aXV1dSkYDKqrq0unT5/Wjh07tH//fv30pz+1ulSk0eXLl7V3717t3bvXnN6xltraWu3du9ccqZfN5ufnVVJSokgkIr/fb8/FaRawimkKLbeq6XKrMQJI3kr7Kn722We6deuWwuGwPB7PsvPjYm7cuGEOq4zvdHm9XnOY6eXLly1fzTQ+HLpcLr3zzjspvf6DBw/M/8dWGE2FZMOmtHho8PDwcNL7WQKwtzfeeMN8AV36/WrJzz77rGZnZxUKhRQMBs1bbW3tiislI3f4/X5dvXo1Zfv42t38/LzKy8s1Ojqq7u5ulZaWWl3SqgiIKdbW1mY+WT1z5kzKn9gBm1Fsi4XVeDwe/eQnP1n1mNgQ0ljXKt6RI0d06dIl3b17V9PT00ltCp9KV69e1fe+9z3z7djvklR2ED/66KOUXWt4eNjsRq7Hc889l7JaANjL+fPnzXDo8Xj0zjvvLPsCXCAQ0JkzZ8yu4tNPP73qi33IDe+//76OHj1q2d/bTKqvr9fAwIBaW1tVXV1tdTlrYojpgvn5eV2/fl2VlZXq6OhY93WWDjVlPiKQGh6PZ9lbbA5bMBjUwYMHV1zsJBAImAupLDdP7vvf/77ZRezu7k7fJ7KKcDhshsPa2lpduXJF0qPP7dixY5bUlG6MsgByUyAQMF/Yiw2TX2l0htfr1e3bt839blnwb3MIh8ObooN48uRJXbt2TQ0NDWpqarK6nIRs6oAYjUZ17do1lZeX64/+6I9UWVmp69evKxKJbOi68auaxp6QAlg/l8ul27dvL3ubmJjQ4OCgPB6PwuGwXn755WXnscSCo8vl0pYtW8yJ8rHb/fv3zTl0sfmMVokNsTp+/LjKy8slSV1dXQmt9NnT06P9+/ebt2PHjj02uT+Vw0r/+I//2Azp67FaNzMQCOjo0aOLPpfp6el1fywAmRNbEMzlcqm/vz+hc+K30+EF9tzlcrl04sQJSb8fakiaT9oAAB64SURBVJqr2tradOHCBVVUVMjn81ldTsI2XUCMRCJmKHz66adVU1OjgYEBVVRUqLu7W7Ozszp79uyGP078qqYA0svr9a65T19s1c5wOGxOkl96i72gEw6HLdt2Yen8mx//+Mfm5/X222+vupLbsWPH9PLLL2tmZkZut1s7duzQrVu39M1vfnNRaI7v2m10uGn80KDPPvss6fNnZ2clPXrCED//sKenRyUlJbp79+6iz+XgwYM5s5odkKviFwQ7cuTIinusLpWXl2cuNBYMBvlZz2Hvvfee2TF+//33c/LFv+vXr6uxsVGlpaWWjUxar00RECORiDo6OlRSUqJt27YtCoW9vb2anZ1Vb2+vqqurU7YXSfxQUwDpl5eXt+KKmD09PeY8OZfLteotJrZ1Qya5XK7HFmeI/10SDodXXMmtp6dHXV1dqq2t1cTEhN577z11dnaqt7dXksxXayWpsLDQ/FyHhoaSqrGwsFBHjx5dFDh37dol6fchPBk3b96UtHgF1Onpab399tvyeDzLfi7ZMkQH2Kw+/vhj83duRUVFUue+8sor5v8//PDDlNYFe+nq6jKnduTaUNOBgQHV1NSouLhYvb29cjgcVpeUlJwNiFNTU4tCYX19vUZHR1VdXS2/32+GwoqKiqS/aYl2BmNDTZc+8QSQHk8//fSy98f22IsFjtVusQAWW6zGDpYOW19uG50bN24su+Lpnj17dOTIEXOV0JhYmL57964ePnyYUB2xoO33+/XLX/7SvD+2XHmynddAILDsdhsff/yxpMefWO7Zs0dbt241OxMA7OkXv/iFpMdHBiRiIy9gIbsUFhaaC7bk0lDT0dFRVVZWyul0qr+/P2XNp0zKqYA4NTWltrY27d69W9u3b182FHZ3d6usrGzdST72JPLUqVMJHd/Z2Wmew/LtQHrFulHxpqenzY5iIq9kxxawCYfD+uEPf5jaAjegs7Nz0QIOS+dZXrhwQa+//nrCq8HFf54NDQ0JnRML2i6Xa9GrvVVVVWZtb7/9dsKBMzbHyOVyLfqdWlVVpYmJiWVfUWa/RMD+UhXsPv/885RcB/Z16tSpnBpqOjU1Zb7gOTg4KKfTaXFF65P1AXF8fFwXLlwwQ2FjY6MikYjq6uo0ODi4KBQCyF3Hjh0zu1Hx21j88Ic/NPc+TGRjXq/Xa/6xWi5wWil+bvOJEycW/SEtLCxccYjOzZs3H3sl3+v1ml3Jrq6uFfeZjDl27Jg5R3O5JbpjXc1wOKxDhw6tOndoenpa+/fvN6/3+uuvr/qx42sIh8NZsUQ4Hjc6OmpuNbNZjY6O6tixYzp58qSi0ajV5aTNRoNd/JDzXNfW1qbvfOc7GhgYsLoUy+TKUNNoNKqSkhJFo1ENDg6qoKDA6pLWz8hSkUjEePHFFw1JhiSjoKDAqKurMwYHB60uDcAqPB6PIcnweDxrHnvu3DlDkuFyuYxz584te6utrTVcLpf5u8DlchkPHjwwrxF7X3l5ecI1XrlyxbzeBx98sGw9y3G5XGatyVjrussdm+jXsLa21pBknDhxYtn3x74fsetduXLFGBoaMgzDMIaGhowrV64sOma1r+MHH3yw6PtQW1trDA0NGffv3zfu379vDA0NGSdOnFj0/aqtrV3zcygvLzfPSeR42FNFRYUhyXC73cadO3esLiejpqenjbq6OkOSUVxcbEgynE6n0d7ebnVpaVFeXp7w77TlxH7eE/kdl636+/uNoqIi8/OUZJSWlhpjY2NWl5Y2q/2ti//bduXKFfP+ZJ4zWGlubs4oLi42HA6H0d/fb3U5G5a1AXFyctJwOBzG8ePHjZGREavLAZCg9QTERG8ej8e4d++eef7g4OCyQW8t9+/fX/YJSiIBUVJaA6JhLA51KwU/w/h9OFzrax17Mhd/iw9xyYS5mzdvPnZuLDgvvS/+ScBK7t+/b5w4ccIMli6Xa9XPGfY1NzdntLa2Gg6Hw5BkVFRUGNPT01aXlXatra1Gfn6+GQAmJycNv99vOJ1OMzDmWmBO9nfaUrn8gtDY2JhRWlpqSDLy8/MNn89nzM7OGg0NDebvx4aGBmN2dtbqUlNurcdF7G+by+Uy7t+/v+g+OwfEubk583va3d1tdTkpkdUBMVu/EX6/3yguLjbm5uasLgXIuNraWsPj8ST0hz/WvVrrdu7cuWVHD5w4ccLweDxJdQ+X1unxeMw/VLF6VrperNOVbEBc67pL3b9/f9HnH6tvaf3J/FEdHBw06196q62tTXp0RuxzWnqtWJdyvWJPFpIJ/LCX6elps5vocDiM1tbWnPx7GN8hKioqeqyrMDc3ZzQ3N+dkYI5/cS7Z3x3rfWHP7mZnZ42mpibz+11XV/fY93tkZMTwer0522FeKyDeu3fvsVE/2RAQq6urDUlGa2ur1aWkDAHRAn6/35BkVFdXW10KgBSLBVara8jVV99jTx7XE/phL3fu3DHcbrc5TcTv91tdUkos1yFazdLA3NzcnBOBeT3D+w3j9y9uxXeRsl17e7vZMfZ6vWuOfPP7/UZBQYHZYc6V6VOJdJaXDjW1e0Bsamoyu765hIBokdhQgmytH8DjYkNTrXzVO/bHNJuHYd67d2/FkD00NGTrJwtIXm9vb1JPnu1qo8ME4wOz0+k0ent701ht+sU/0b9582ZC58R3D3PhBa7BwUFzzmmyL4LEhmTHhieXlZUZk5OTaaw2/RIdehw/1NTO81F9Pp/Z/c81BESLzM3NGUVFRYbD4cj6H3gAhvHgwQNzyKdVcmX4ZexJxHKfR2whnGwOwHhcIsPv7Ky9vd18Ir/RkNvd3W0GZrfbnbWB2TB+30V0uVxrdsGGhoYWHZ/N3cNUdoVzqcOcaECMH2oav8bAcmJfn0x3WXt7e815xdn6/VgNAdFCY2NjhsPhMNxud04+uIDNxspgduLECfNV96GhoWVv2SLWiV36JDH2BDLbnzxiZZOTk0ZZWZk5PNPuc3o20iFaTbYF5unp6WWfx8SHvtjvp6U/u/fv3zfOnTu36LjVfpfa+euQznmludBhXu+K3asFRL/fb369i4uLM5IL+vv7DYfDYRQXF+fkYkKGQUC0XHd3d06OXQaQWcutOrr0lk0h8YMPPli0sE38gjfZ3iHF2uKD13ILvFgtPsimc6Gd5QKznV5Qjg9ETU1Nyx4zNDS0aOXl+J/rpSscu1yuVYejjoyM2HZBn/ih0uncyiVTH2e9VhsVt5EVu1cbnTM7O2u0traaXxen02m0tramJbyNjIwY+fn5RkFBge0eg6lEQLSB2C//XJmEDCCzHjx4sOI+kfG3+P0hs0Fsi4v41WrpHG4u8UM37bBH3Nzc3KLOXqaCyuDgoLkiakFBgS0Cc7JzR2NdwpW2wUlkca/44ZZ2CcxWdPaWdiqrq6stDyvxe32uFFrjHwOJiA01dblcCS12NDc3Z3R3d5s/Kw6Hw6irq0vZVK7JyUnD6XQa+fn5OT89jIBoA7Ozs0ZBQYHhdDot/wFfzkrD1Za78eQNAJBKdtkjzg6dG5/PZ3lgXhqIkh1We//+/Q0/b7DDCrjxgSjWQc3049IuHeb4x6VdFtPp7+83VxOO1bWRRkzsubrD4cjqecGJIiDaRGzlLq/Xa3Upj0lk6Fr8K4EejyfhFcsAAEhEsttHpIrd5n5ZFZjtuFhK/II+mVoB146ri6ZrLuxa4vf6tOt2HGNjY0Z1dfWG5inOzc0ZxcXFhsPhsEX3PhMIiDbS3NxsSMrYH71Exa8qttpm5UuDJPOEAACplqknpUsDkRUdotVkKjAvDUR2m/+33II+6fo+2X1/wmT3W1yvpY+99vb2tHycVJqenjaam5uTnqc4Nzdnfq65lDnWQkC0Ga/XazgcDltNOk5mD5orV64sCpQAAKRaOrs4duwQraa/vz9toSU+ENlxQZR4S4dbpjIwW9W9Xo90dpjtMtx7I2LzFGOP67XmKVZXVxuSbL+icqoREG1mcnLSXB3J6qEbMcluUnrlyhW6iACAtEv1PLD4QFRUVGS7DtFKUh1qR0ZGDK/Xa3ZasqFDFBPfYd7oCrjZHIhSHWrtMP811fx+v/k4X26eYlNT06bdaYCAaEN+v99clcoOkg2I8ecksioZAAAbsdFAE3++3TtEq9loYLbDwiupstFAkyuBaKOBOX4FXTtuOZMKIyMjZqcw1on/wQ9+YA6p3owIiDYVe6Da4fNLNiDGNrkmIAIAMsnv9ye10ujs7KwZiLKtQ7SakZGRRQvrJPJcwo4rUW7U0g5gIoE3VwPR0sC71vd3uRVSc9309LTR1NRk5OfnGwcOHDBKS0ttM5ov0wiINjU3N2cUFRUZDofD8l/SyQbE2EaoDDEFgPUbHBzctE9ONmLpHnErLaqSKx2i1SSyNUcqh2Ta1djY2JodZrtsGZFOiXSIl1v0x06LEmXC3Nycce3atZx4sWi9CIg2NjY2ZjgcDsPtdlv6SyrZRWpi4TCZIakAgN+bnp42nnzySePLX/6y8Y1vfMPo7e3d1E9W1mOlbRniA5FVe+hl0kqBOZsWXkmV5VYh3YyBaKUh2ZlaBRX2R0C0OZ/PZ/kE2fVsc+FyuYyhoSHLagaAbPfee+8ZTz75pCHJ+MpXvmL84R/+oVFcXGy0t7dbPrIkm8TvY3jw4MGc7hCtJj4wf/WrX825YbWJWrqgT+yxsRkDUXxgfvHFFzfNiyZY2xOGYRjKQlNTU9q+fbu6u7tVXV1tdTlpVV5eroGBAR04cEC/+93v0vqxiouL5fP5Ft1XWFiocDic0Pkul0sHDhzQO++8o23btqWjRADYFObn5/Unf/In+vWvf73o/ieffFJf+tKX9Mwzz+jv//7vVVZWpqKiIouqtL9oNKqLFy/qwoULeuGFF/Tnf/7nOnv2rJxOp9WlWSIUCqm5uVm/+93v1N7evmkfO5FIRI2NjfrVr36lV155RRUVFVaXZIn5+XlduHBBoVBIbrdbTU1NcjgcVpcFi33Z6gKwtq997Wv69NNPdevWLc3Pz1tWh8vleiyMf/bZZ7p165bC4bA8Ho/6+/uVl5dnUYUAkDscDoe++c1v6sc//vGi+//nf/5HkvTw4UOdOXNGra2tysvL09/+7d/q7/7u71RcXGxFubbU0dGhlpYWRSIRPf/88woGg/qrv/qrTRsOJcntduujjz6yugzLOZ1O9fb2Wl2G5RwOh86ePWt1GbAZAqLNBQIBtbS0yO12686dO5bWsnXrVp06deqx+4eHh1VZWalgMKhDhw7pJz/5Cd3DBU888YTVJQDIYf/3f/+n3/zmN/rNb36jS5cu6Z/+6Z/0B3/wB/rGN76hxsbGTRsWA4GAGhsbNTo6qqKiInV3d6uoqEjbt2+3ujQAsL0vWV0AVhaJRFRZWan8/Hxbv8q1Z88eXbp0SZIUDAb1N3/zNxZXBACb14MHD3T79m19+umnVpeScZFIROXl5SopKdHU1JRaW1s1Njam0tJSq0sDgKxBB9HG6uvrFYlE5Pf7VVBQYHU5qzp8+LBOnDihS5cuKRgM6tixY+rs7LS6LMtl6RRfADbx3e9+97EhpvFiQ/q/8pWv6IUXXlB5ebm8Xq/y8/MzVaItxOZRXbx4UfPz86qrq1Nzc/OmHkoKAOtFQLSptrY29fX1qbq6WmVlZVaXk5D33ntPoVBIwWBQXV1dqqqqktfrtbosAMhKkUhEfX19i+576qmn9L//+7968skn5fV69dJLL8nr9dr+RcR0un79uhobGxWJROT1euXz+Tbt0FoASAUCog2Nj4/r5MmTKioqUnt7u9XlJOWNN95QMBiUJJ05c0a3b9+2uCIAyE7l5eWam5tTXl6eHA6HvvGNb6i8vFxut5vOmB6txtnY2KhQKCSn0ym/3581L6gCgJ0xB9Fm5ufnVV5eLkny+/1Zt9Tw4cOHVVtbK+nRfMQ33njD4ooAIPtEIhHt3LlT//iP/6j//u//1ueff65/+Zd/UVlZ2aYPh5FIRDU1Ndq3b59GR0fV3NysyclJwiEApAgdRJupr6/X+Pi4fD5f1u5N1NbWZm59cfPmTb3yyisqLCy0uiwAyBpOp1P//M//bHUZtjI/P6+2tjZdvHhR0WhUFRUV8vl8mz4wA0Cq0UG0kb6+Pl27dk1lZWVqaGiwupxFXC6XnnnmmYSOzcvL01tvvSWXyyVJZkcRAID16Ovr086dO83pF3fu3FFvby/hEADSgA6iTUxNTammpkZOp1Pd3d1Wl7PIxMRE0udUVVWpqqoqDdUAADaL8fFx1dfXKxAImH8fq6urrS4LAHIaHUSbqKysVDQaVW9v76ZbnhwAgHjRaFSNjY3auXOnQqGQmpqaNDY2RjgEgAygg2gDZ8+eVSgUUnNzM9tCAAA2tba2NrW0tCgajaqsrEw+n29Tb+MBAJlGQLRYIBBQS0uL3G63mpqarC4HAABLDAwMqLGxUePj4yoqKpLf7+dFUwCwAENMLRSNRlVZWan8/Hz19vZm3ZYWAABs1NTUlA4dOqRDhw4pEonI5/NpbGyMcAgAFqGDaKGamhpFIhH19vYyfAYAsKlEo1FdvHhRbW1tmp+fV0NDg5qbm5mHDwAWIyBapKOjQ319faqurlZFRYXV5QAAkDEdHR1qaWlRJBJRaWlpVu/9CwC5hoBogfHxcTU2NqqoqEjt7e1WlwMAQEaEQiHV19drdHRUBQUF6u/vV2lpqdVlAQDiMAcxw+bn51VeXi5JzDsEAGwajY2N2rdvn6amptTa2qqxsTHCIQDYUNZ3EH/9619bXUJSYiu0+Xw+FRcXW10OAAAZcfDgQc3Pz6u5uVlOp9PqcgAAK8jqDqLX69U//MM/aNu2baqvr1cgELC6pFX19fWpo6NDpaWlamhosLocAAAypqysTO3t7YRDALC5rA2IBQUF6u7uls/nk9PpVEdHh0pKSrRt2zbV1NSor6/P6hIXmZqaUk1NjZxOp7q7u60uBwAAAAAek7UBUXoUEhsaGjQyMqLJyUn5fD4VFBTo2rVrKi8v19NPP22Gxfn5eUtrrampUTQaVW9vL6+eAgAAALClrA6I8WJh8c6dO5qenlZ7e7uKi4sXhcXKykpdv34942Hx7NmzCgQCampqYuNfAAAAALb1hGEYhtVFpFMkElFfX58++ugjc9ipw+FQaWmpjhw5orKysrRuyhsIBFRSUiK3263BwUFWLQUAwAJTU1Pavn27mpubdfbsWavLAQDbyvmAGC8ajaqvr083b95cNEexrKwsLWExGo1q9+7dikajGhkZUUFBQcquDQAAEkdABIDE5MwQ00Tk5+erurpafr9fs7Oz6u3tVUVFhQYGBlRTU6Onn35aJSUl6ujoUCQS2fDHq6mp0dTUlDk3EgAAAADsbFMFxHj5+fmqqKhQb2/vorAYCoVUX1+vbdu2qaSkRG1tbZqamkr6+teuXVNfX5+qq6tVXV2dhs8AAAAAAFJrUw0xTVT8MNRoNCpJKi4u1ne/+12VlZWt2Q0cHx/X7t27VVBQoJGREeYdAlksEAjo008/XfO45557bs1FqB4+fKjLly+bbz/11FM6fvx4QnVMTEzoww8/NN9+7bXXlJeXZ7599epVffHFFwlda6VrALmMIaYAkBgC4hpiYXFgYMAcdlpUVKRvf/vbqqioUFFR0aLj5+fntXv3bk1NTWlwcFBut9uKsgGkyPnz53X69OmEjnW5XDpw4IA6OzuXff/w8LD27t276PiJiYmErn3s2DF1dXWZbw8NDWnPnj3m2/v371cwGEzoWitdA8hlBEQASMyXrS7A7srKylRWVibpUSfhX//1X9XX16eWlha1tLSoqKhIZWVl+va3v63i4mKdPHlS4+Pj8vl8hEMgx3g8nhXfNzMzo3A4rHA4rHv37un27dtrXi8cDisQCCS0/c2tW7cSqtHlcmnr1q0JHbtly5aEjgMAAJsHATEJXq9XXq9X7e3tCgQC5jDUCxcu6MKFC9qxY4d+/vOfy+v1qqGhwepyAaRYW1vbih236elpnTlzRl1dXQoGg9q/f/+qIdHlcikcDqunp2fNgBgIBBQOh81zVrN169aEwikAAMByNu0iNRvl9Xrl8/k0OTmpkZERNTQ06Le//a3279+v3t5eq8sDkGHbtm1TZ2enamtrJUnBYFA9PT0rHn/kyBFJiXUGY9eJnQMAAJAuBMQUKC4uNsPiT37yEzmdTqtLAmCRzs5OuVwuSdKPfvSjFY976aWXzI5gIBBY9Zq3bt2Sy+XSSy+9lNJaAQAAliIgplh+fr7VJQCwWKzTNzMzo+np6WWP2bJli3bt2iVJq3Yae3p6FA6HtWvXLuYMAgCAtCMgAkCKVVRUSHq0CM3HH3+84nFHjx6VtPow0xs3biw6FgAAIJ1YpAYAUiy+0/eLX/xixeOqqqr09ttvr7qa6d27d+VyuVRVVaXh4eGEPv5ax23ZskWFhYUJXQsAAGwuBEQASLHCwsKEVhyVpF27dq24mmlseGl5eXnCHzsYDC7aa3E5Ho+HlU4BAMCyCIgAYKHXXntNfr9/2WGmseGlr732WlLXjC2Ss5JnnnkmqesBuSA/P1/Nzc0J7TsKAJsZAREAUmxiYiKh7qH0aMuc+NVM45+8xoaXJvOElu4gsLz8/HydPXvW6jIAwPZYpAYAUuzBgwfm///0T/90zeMPHDggafFqprHhpbH3AQAAZAIBEQBS7Pr165IeDfV8/vnn1zy+qqpK0uLVTGPDS2PvAwAAyAQCIgCk2M2bNyVJW7du1bZt29Y8fukw0+np6XUNLwUAANgoAiIApND58+fN+YevvvpqwufFDzO9ceMGw0sBAIAlCIgAkCLnz5/X6dOnJT1aLCaZ4aHxw0xjQ1R/8IMfpL5IAACAVbCKKQAk6Pr16/roo48eu7+/v18zMzNm59Dlcqmrqyupa8cPMw2Hw3K5XGxmDwAAMo6ACAAJunTp0prHlJeX6+rVqwnNPVzqwIEDZsg8cuRI0ucDAABsFAERAFbx1FNPyePxrHrMjh07tHv3bv2///f/Vu36bdmyxbzWli1bHnt/VVWV7t27J0l65ZVXkjp/x44di/4FAABYjycMwzCsLgIAAAAAYD0WqQEAAAAASCIgAgAAAAAWEBABAAAAAJIIiAAAAACABQREAAAAAIAktrlY09WrV/XFF1+Ybz/33HPyer0WVgQAAAAA6cE2F6uYnp7WwYMHzY2rJcnj8ej27dsWVgUAAAAA6cEQ01X88Ic/XBQOJSkYDCoQCFhUEQAAAACkDwFxFTdv3lz2/p6engxXAgAAAADpR0BcQSAQeKx7GHPr1q0MVwMAAAAA6UdAXMHly5fN/7tcLtXW1ppvh8NhXb161YqyAAAAACBtCIjLmJ6e1t27d823d+3apXfeeUcul8u87/r161aUBgAAAABpQ0Bcxo0bNxYNLz169Ki2bdumXbt2mfexWA0AAACAXENAXEZ8d9DlcqmqqkrSo6AYj8VqAAAAAOQSAuISgUBAwWDQfPvAgQPm/6uqqhYNM2WxGgAAAAC5hIC4xNKuYKx7GBMfGFmsBgAAAEAuISAuEd8VdLlc8nq9i95/+PDhRW+zWA0AAACAXPFlqwuwk6tXry5anCYcDquwsHDVc2KL1SwNkgAAAACQbQiIcZbrBsYHxpX09PQQEAEAAABkvScMwzCsLsIOJiYmtGPHjnWd63K5NDExkeKKAAAAACCz6CAuePfddxe9feLECVVUVKx4/Llz5+T3+yX9frGa48ePp7VGAAAAAEgnOogLCgsLzeGkiXQEe3p69PLLL5tvezwe3b59O601AgAAAEA6sYqpHoW9+LmGu3btWvOcpXsixharAQAAAIBsRUCUdOPGjUVvHz16NKHz4vdElB7fQxEAAAAAssmmn4P48OFDff755/J4PJKkZ555RlVVVQmd+4Mf/ED37t0z3/71r3+dlhoBAAAAIBOYgwgAAAAAkMQQUwAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsICACAAAAACQREAEAAAAACwgIAIAAAAAJBEQAQAAAAALCIgAAAAAAEkERAAAAADAAgIiAAAAAEASAREAAAAAsOD/A0gEsgE8hW8uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
此反應在反應液中,監測發現完全沒有問題,由於反應速率可能較慢,而A原料假設是你做了很多步得到的中間體,於是你多加了一個當量的B,讓A完全反應。然後就是常規操作,反應液倒入水中,有機溶劑萃取,水洗,加熱濃縮。然後LCMS監測發現你的產物不見了,你收獲了下麵這個東西。 ![](data:image/png;base64,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) 在你萃取後濃縮的過程中或者濃縮後處於NEAT無溶劑狀態放置過程中,你的產物接著和剩餘的一個當量的B反應生成了季銨鹽。這種情況下,通常的解決辦法就將B的當量數減少到一個當量或少於一個當量,回收底物A。有沒有其他解決辦法?能不能反應完後,先將底物B除掉?答案是有! 對於上麵這種長鏈鹵代烴,根據相似相容原理,石油醚對其溶解度肯定是大於大極性的DMF對其溶解度的。往期小編發布過【常用有機溶劑混溶表】,DMF和小極性的烷烴(如環己烷,正己烷,正庚烷)是不互溶的,不互溶就可以萃取,此類小極性溶劑石油醚最常見,後處理前,先用石油醚將DMF反應液萃取幾遍,就可以完全除掉剩餘的底物B,問題解決。此類非常規的萃取其實很多情況都可以用到,隻是有時不是很有必要,就不用多此一舉。如利用TBSCl保護羥基,常用的一個條件就是咪唑當堿,在DMF中反應,如果底物極性相對較大,就可以先用石油醚將TBSCl從反應液中萃取出來,避免後麵柱層析時有味道很大的TBSCl【常見的羥基保護方法】。小編在【涉及有機錫試劑的後處理】中介紹過,對於三烷基氫化錫或其他小極性的有機錫試劑的除去,如果產物對甲醇或DMF溶解度較好,而三烷基氫化錫或其他小極性的有機錫試劑在石油醚或正己烷等小極性溶劑中溶解度較好,相似相容原理,反萃即可。先將反應液濃縮,加入甲醇或DMF溶解,石油醚即可萃取小極性有機錫試劑,鑒於有機錫的毒性,但此操作風險較大,謹慎操作。 來自網絡有機合成號 |