矽穀銀行(Silicon Valley Bank)倒閉
文章來源: 茲德2023-03-11 12:50:21

昨天即周五,加州一個叫  Silicon Valley Bank 的銀行倒閉,被美國聯邦儲蓄保險公司(FDIC)接管。矽穀銀行是全美第16大銀行,擁有大約 $200bn的總資產。這是自2008年國際金融危機以來的最大的銀行倒閉案。

銀行的主要功能及風險在鄙文《2022年度諾貝爾經濟學獎》講過,在這裏在簡單複習一下,有助於我們理解矽穀銀行的問題。

銀行的主要功能是吸收存款,吸收的資金可以向企業或個人貸款,也可以用來購買其他金融資產,比如政府發行的長期國債。在銀行的資產負債表上,存款是負債,放在右邊。而貸款和持有的金融產品是資產,放在左邊。兩邊的利息差額是銀行的傳統收入來源。

通常,存款的期限較短。例如,checking 及 savings 賬戶是所謂的活期存款,儲戶可以隨時提取。即使是定期存款,期限也較短。而資產的期限則較長,譬如3年企業貸款,4年汽車貸款,30年房屋貸款,及長期政府債券等。

從這個角度看,銀行實際上起到了 maturity transformation 的作用。銀行在儲戶與貸款者之間搭起一座橋梁。這個作用非常重要,這也是銀行不可或缺的主要原因。

但這樣的 maturity transformation 也會帶來問題。最嚴重的問題是即銀行擠兌(bank runs)。或許是聽到了什麽謠言,或許是出於需要,儲戶爭相去銀行提款,生怕去晚了存款泡湯。於是銀行門前排起了長隊,可銀行的錢大都借貸出去了,不可能馬上收回來,而櫃台裏又沒有那麽多現金或儲備來應付擠兌,結果導致銀行倒閉。

FDIC是準政府機構,成立於1933年,其主要目的是提供儲蓄保險。目前,儲蓄保險的上限是25萬美元。如果儲蓄賬戶餘額低於此上限,不用擔心。但如果超出該上限,能拿回多少就不好說了。截至2021年底,美國銀行業( FIDC保險的)儲蓄總額為 18.4 萬億美元。

銀行倒閉,不外乎兩個原因。一個是資產負債表右邊出了問題,即儲戶爭相前來提款,造成擠兌,銀行應接不暇,隻好關門。另一個原因,則是左邊出了問題,即貸款或持有的其他金融資產大幅縮水。

這次,Silicon Valley Bank 不幸兩邊都出了問題,遭受雙重打擊。

先說右邊,即存款。截至2022年底,該銀行共有$173.1 bn 存款,其中 87.5% 不受FDIC保險保護範圍。該銀行的主要客戶是風險基金支持的小科技公司。這些公司前些年在幾乎零利率的大環境下籌措的資金多的花不完,暫時存在矽穀銀行。

現在情況不一樣了。 不過,如果隻有個別公司因資金壓力而去銀行取款,銀行是能應付的。但問題是,資金壓力不限於個別公司,其他公司也出現了類似問題。即使那些沒有資金壓力的公司儲戶,當它們聽到風聲後,也會急著去銀行提款,於是造成擠兌。據報道,周四,儲戶提取了$42 billion,矽穀銀行的現金隻剩下區區 $1 bn.

同時,資產負債表的左邊也出了問題。該銀行持有的政府長期債券,由於最近美聯儲大幅升息,其市場價值跌落不少。為了應付擠兌,銀行被迫低價大量出售這些金融資產。據報道,周三,該銀行賣出了價值 $21 bn 的政府長期債券,損失了 $1.8 bn。

該銀行還試圖通過發行股票和債券來融資,但沒能成功。

矽穀銀行倒閉的主要問題是其儲蓄來源比較集中,大都來自這些小科技公司。至於來自左邊的問題,其他所有金融機構都沒能幸免。由於長期債券的市場價值與利率成反比,美聯儲每次升息,長期債券的市價就會下跌。

但其他銀行的儲蓄來源充分分散,沒有右邊的問題。所以,這家矽穀銀行倒閉,不至於導致係統風險。

當然,麵臨同樣存款結構的銀行,得小心啦。

教訓:分散,分散,再分散。

The wise man saith, ‘Put all your eggs in the one basket and — WATCH THAT BASKET.’

— Mark Twain

2023年3月11日

 

附:

FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara to Protect Insured Depositors of Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California

Friday, March 10, 2023

WASHINGTON – Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California, was closed today by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. To protect insured depositors, the FDIC created the Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara (DINB). At the time of closing, the FDIC as receiver immediately transferred to the DINB all insured deposits of Silicon Valley Bank.

All insured depositors will have full access to their insured deposits no later than Monday morning, March 13, 2023. The FDIC will pay uninsured depositors an advance dividend within the next week. Uninsured depositors will receive a receivership certificate for the remaining amount of their uninsured funds. As the FDIC sells the assets of Silicon Valley Bank, future dividend payments may be made to uninsured depositors.

Silicon Valley Bank had 17 branches in California and Massachusetts. The main office and all branches of Silicon Valley Bank will reopen on Monday, March 13, 2023. The DINB will maintain Silicon Valley Bank’s normal business hours. Banking activities will resume no later than Monday, March 13, including on-line banking and other services. Silicon Valley Bank’s official checks will continue to clear. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may create a DINB to ensure that customers have continued access to their insured funds.

As of December 31, 2022, Silicon Valley Bank had approximately $209.0 billion in total assets and about $175.4 billion in total deposits. At the time of closing, the amount of deposits in excess of the insurance limits was undetermined. The amount of uninsured deposits will be determined once the FDIC obtains additional information from the bank and customers.

Customers with accounts in excess of $250,000 should contact the FDIC toll–free at 1-866-799-0959.

The FDIC as receiver will retain all the assets from Silicon Valley Bank for later disposition. Loan customers should continue to make their payments as usual.

Silicon Valley Bank is the first FDIC–insured institution to fail this year. The last FDIC–insured institution to close was Almena State Bank, Almena, Kansas, on October 23, 2020.

FDIC: PR-16-2023