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前文提到,作為世界文化遺產的聖胡安古城,在16~18世紀西班牙在加勒比海的殖民地時期,建造了強大的城牆和要塞--聖胡安要塞,其中包括聖費利佩海角城堡(Castillo San Felipe del Morro)和聖克裏斯多巴城堡(Castillo de San Cristóbal)。這些堡壘是保護城市免受海上入侵的重要防禦工事。這兩座城堡位於聖胡安古城的不同區域。聖菲利普德爾莫羅城堡坐落在聖胡安古城西側的海岬上,俯瞰著大西洋。而聖克裏斯多巴城堡則位於聖胡安古城東側,俯瞰著聖胡安市區。
我們在前文遊覽過聖費利佩海角城堡和聖胡安古城,當然也不能錯過同為聖胡安要塞的這個聖克裏斯多巴城堡。離開聖胡安古城港口(Old San Juan Port)向北行走大約10多分鍾即可來到這座古堡。其得名於西班牙守護聖人--聖克裏斯多巴(San Cristóbal),在曆史上發揮了重要的軍事作用,保護了聖胡安免受海上和陸上的威脅。
聖克裏斯多巴城堡建造始於1765年,完成於1783年。目的是為了加強聖胡安的防禦體係。它是一座巨大的要塞,由一係列城牆、堡壘、堡壘和壕溝組成,共有五個主要關卡。城堡的設計采用了先進的防禦工事,包括斜麵牆、護城河和炮台,以應對來襲的敵人。
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城堡有幾個關卡和入口,用於控製人員和車輛的進出。其中最著名的是聖胡安城門(Puerta de San Juan)和聖克裏斯托瓦爾門(Puerta de San Cristóbal)。這些入口設有防禦門和護城河,用於阻止敵人的進攻。
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城堡的周圍環繞著厚實的城牆,起到了保護和防禦的作用。這些城牆由大塊的珊瑚石和石灰石砌成,高達20英尺(6米),厚達11英尺(3.4米)。城堡內還有一些地下通道和壕溝,用於通行、運輸和補給。這些地下通道是城堡內部的重要部分,提供了隱蔽和安全的通道。
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城牆上有觀察台和瞭望塔,供士兵觀察和防禦,以便觀察和保護城堡周圍的海域。在城堡高處俯瞰聖胡安古城和周邊地區的美景,同時欣賞大西洋的壯麗風光。
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城堡內還設有博物館和展覽,展示了關於城堡和聖胡安曆史的信息和文物。遊客可以了解到關於城堡建造的背景、當地生活和軍事曆史的詳細信息。城堡還經常舉辦一些特別活動和表演,如曆史再現和軍事演示,使遊客能夠更深入地了解過去的時代。
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在城堡裏行走,有的時候能在城牆周圍發現一些美洲鬣蜥,這種蜥蜴在加勒比海地區很常見。
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城堡上設有幾個瞭望塔,用於監視海麵和城堡周圍的活動。這些塔樓提供了全方位的視野,使士兵能夠及時發現任何敵對行動並作出反應。城堡的不同位置設置了崗哨和哨所,用於持續監視城堡周圍的領土和海域。從這些瞭望塔哨所遠眺過去,可以欣賞到壯觀的海景和聖胡安市區的美景。
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聖克裏斯多巴城堡在曆史上經曆了多次改建和修複,以適應不同時期的軍事需求。在19世紀和20世紀這裏經曆了幾次戰爭和衝突。它參與了美國獨立戰爭、美西戰爭和兩次世界大戰等重要曆史事件。城堡還起到了監視和控製港口進出的作用,確保船隻和貨物的安全,並作為波多黎各地區防禦體係的一部分保護著聖胡安古城。
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聖克裏斯托瓦爾城堡自1961年起成為波多黎各國家公園係統的一部分,並於1983年被列為世界文化遺產。20世紀初,波多黎各政府對聖克裏斯托瓦爾城堡進行了大規模的修複工作,以保護這一重要曆史遺產。來到聖胡安古城,一定少不了在這座城堡的壁壘上漫步,欣賞波多黎各大西洋海岸線和聖胡安灣的壯麗景色。
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這座城堡和之前參觀的聖費利佩海角城堡,共同見證了波多黎各的曆史和文化遺產,它們展示了不同曆史時期的建築風格和防禦策略,並被廣泛認為是聖胡安古城最具標誌性的地標。最後兩張黑白照,更能展現這座古堡的厚重曆史和滄桑感。
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